JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Stfuotefc to iEntomol ogg in Gfon^ral

VOLUME L, 1942

Published Quarterly by the Society North Queen St. and McGovern Ave.

New York, N. Y.

Lancaster, Pa.

y n»

THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA

CONTENTS OF VOLUME L

PAGE

Alexander, Charles P.

Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-Flies

(Tipulidae, Diptera), XIV 135

Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-Flies

(Tipulidae, Diptera) 251

American Commission on Scientific Nomenclature, The 293

Anderson, Thomas F.

See Richards, A. Glenn, Jr.

Bequaert, J.

New and Imperfectly Known Neotropical Polybiinae

(Hymenoptera, Vespidae) 295

Book Notices 36, 192, 242, 309

Breeland, Osmond P.

For More Clarity in Entomological Writing 199

Brown, F. Martin

Notes on Ecuadorian Butterflies, II. Papilio 123

Notes on Ecuadorian Butterflies 309

Clench, Harry K.

The Identity of the Florida Race Leptotes (Lepidoptera,

Lycaenidae) 243

Comstock, William P.

Dating the Systema Entomologiae by Fabricius and Papillons Exotiques, Vol. I. By Cramer 189

Nymphalidae of the Antilles (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) 283 Curran, C. H.

The Parasitic Habits of Muscina stabulans Fabricius 335 Dalmat, Herbert T.

A New Parasitic Fly (Cuterebridae) from the Northern

White-footed Mouse 45

Davis, William T.

Notes on Cicadas with Description of New Species 169

In Memory of Charles Schaeffer 209

Dethier, V. G.

Abdominal Glands of Hesperiinae

203

PAGE

Forbes, William T. M.

On Border-line Dircenna (Lepidoptera, Ithomiinae) 37

The Wing of Mastogenins (Coleoptera) 193

Funkhouser, W. D.

Six New Chinese Membracidae 61

Griffiths, James T. and Oscar E. Tauber

The Nymphal Development for the Roach, Periplaneta

americana L 263

Hallock, Harold C.

The Sarcophaginae and Their Relatives in New York,

II 215

Harriot, Samuel C.

A New Genus and a New Species of Ottidae from North

America (Diptera) 249

Notes on the Genus Seioptera Kirby (Otitidae, Diptera)... 195 McCoy, E. E.

See Weiss, Harry B.

Michener, Charles D.

Taxonomic Observations on Bees with Descriptions of

New Genera and Species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) 273

Proceedings of the Society 211, 289

Richards, A. Glenn, Jr., and Thomas F. Anderson

Electron Micrographs of Insect Tracheae 147

Richards, A. Glenn, Jr., and Thomas F. Anderson

Further Electron Microscopic Studies on Arthropod

Tracheae 245

Soraci, Frank A.

See Weiss, Harry B.

Tauber, Oscar E.

See Griffiths, James T.

Weiss, Harry B., Frank A. Soraci and E. E. McCoy, Jr.

The Behavior of Insects to Various Wave-lengths of Light

1

No. 1

Vol. L

MARCH, 1942

Journal

of the

New York Entomological Society

Devoted to Entomology in General

Edited by HARRY B* WEISS

Publication Committee

HARRY B. WEISS EDWIN W. TEALE

HERBERT F. SCHWARZ E. L. BELL

Subscription $3.00 per Year

Published Quarterly by the Society N. QUEEN ST. AND McGOVERN AVE.

LANCASTER, PA.

NEW YORK, N. Y.

1942

CONTENTS

The Behavior of Certain Insects to Various Wave-lengths of light.

By Harry B. Weiss, Frank A. Soraci and E. E. McCoy, Jr 1

Book Notice 36

On Border-line Dircenna (Lepidoptera, Ithomiinae).

By Wm. T. M. Forbes 37

A New Parasitic Fly (Cuterebridae) from the Northern White-footed Mouse.

By Herbert T. Dalmat 45

Six New Chinese Membracidae.

By W. D. Funkhouser 61

NOTICE: Volume XLIX, Number 4, of the Journal of The New York Entomological Society was published on December 10, 1941.

Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of August 24, 1912.

Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103. Act of October 3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.

JOURNAL

OF THE

New York Entomological Society

Vol. L March, 1942 No. 1

THE BEHAVIOR OF CERTAIN INSECTS TO VARIOUS WAVE-LENGTHS OF LIGHT

By Harry B. Weiss, Frank A. Soraci, and E. E. McCoy, Jr.

This paper is the third of a series outlining the behavior of certain insects to light of various wave-lengths. The first two were published in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vol. XLIX, p. 1-20; p. 149-159, 1941, and set forth the behavior under certain conditions, briefly an exposure for 15 minutes to eight wave-length bands of light of equal physical intensities from 3650 A to 7400 A. These lights were arranged in a circle around a central introduction point. The distance from the introduction point to the Corning monochromatic filter com- binations was approximately one foot. Under the conditions, as described fully in the two previous papers, a more or less uniform type of behavior took place, in that for eighteen of the twenty- nine photopositive species tested, a wave-length band of 4700-5280 Angstrom units attracted more individuals than any other band.

The present paper includes (1), a report of the results of addi- tional tests in the circular apparatus described in the two previous papers, (2), an account of the behavior of various species in a new sector type of testing box, and (3), the results obtained in an additional piece of testing equipment which permitted more lati- tude in the variation of the physical intensities of the wave- lengths. The dates on which the various species were tested, relative humidity and temperature are found in Tables 3 and 4.

2 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. l

(1) BEHAVIOR OF ADDITIONAL LOTS OF INSECTS IN THE CIRCULAR TESTING APPARATUS

Before referring to Table 1, which is a detailed record of the behavior of additional lots of insects, it may be well to repeat that the insects in question were exposed for fifteen minutes to light of various wave-lengths, or colors, determined by the passage of light from forty- watt frosted Westinghouse Mazda lamps and a General Electric Mazda mercury lamp [Type A-H 4, 100 watts, which supplied the ultra-violet], through appropriate Corning monochromatic filter glass combinations. The physical intensi- ties of the wave-lengths were equalized by regulating the distances between the source lamps and the filter combinations. The lamps were operated at 110 volts, alternating current. The method of

Fig. 1. Behavior of six different lots of 1-day-old nymphs of Tenodera sinensis. Heavy line indicates behavior of six lots combined.

handling the insects was identical to that described in the first paper. They were introduced approximately one foot from the filters. For convenience in making comparisons in relative inten- sities, the introductory intensity in this case will be designated as 100. In succeeding tests we were able, in our other equipment, to introduce the insects at distances of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 feet from the filters. By adopting 100 as the introductory intensity when the insects were introduced at a distance of one foot from the filters, the relative introductory intensities at the other distances were approximately 25, 11, 6, 4 and 3.

Mar., 1942]

Weiss et ae. : Insects and Light

3

In Table 1 the behavior of five species is set forth and it may be noted that in general their reactions to the eight light bands, to which they were exposed, were like the reactions previously recorded for other species. In other words, the light band ex- tending from 4700-5280 A (blue-blue-green) attracted the largest percentage of insects in each case except for Macrocentrus ancyl- ivorus and for one-day-old nymphs of Tenodera sinensis in two cases, which were stimulated more or less equally at 3650-3663 Angstrom units (ultra-violet) and by the 4700-5280 A band. In the case of Tenodera sinensis (one-day-old nymphs) the largest percentage of these alternated between 3650-3663 and 4700— 5280 A. When the results of six tests, with new individuals each time, were totalled, 3650-3663 and 4700-5280 seem to be about equal in stimulating efficiency. This is shown in Figure 1 by the behavior curves of six different batches of one-day-old nymphs and by the heavy black line representing the combined responses for the six tests.

(2) BEHAVIOR OF VARIOUS SPECIES IN THE SECTOR TYPE EQUIPMENT

Because of certain inherent limitations of the circular appara- tus, and the impossibility of having a completely dark chamber (for photonegative species), a new and larger equipment was built. This equipment (Figs. 3 and 4) was built essentially on a circular sector design. The filters and filter chambers were along the circular arc, the introduction chamber at the centre, and the radial sides included an angle of 72 degrees. Immediately behind the introduction chamber was a small rectangular dark chamber which permitted insects repelled by the light to find totally dark spaces. Thus after the insects were placed in the introduction chamber they could move either to the light or away from it to the black chamber. Ten wave-length bands were used, in their natu- ral order, along the convex side of the equipment and when the insects emerged from the center of the introduction chamber, towards the light, they were exposed to all wave-lengths for a distance of at least 18 inches and within this area they had the opportunity of making a choice.

As in the circular apparatus forty-watt, frosted, Westinghouse Mazda lamps were used and the ultra-violet was supplied by a

TABLE 1

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The Angstrom units represent the peak intensities of the bands.

Mar., 1942]

Weiss et al.: Insects and Light

5

General Electric Mazda mercury lamp (Type A-H 4, 100 watts). Corning filter glasses were used to isolate specific spectral bands. Each filter, or combination of filters, was, when in place, equally distant from the chamber into which the insects were introduced. The distance settings from the 40-watt lamps to the filter com- binations, in order to equalize the physical intensities of the wave- lengths, were in all experiments the same as those shown in col- umn 3, Table 2, Journal New York Entomological Society, Vol. XLIX, p. 10. The ten wave-length bands to which the insects were exposed were those shown in column 3, Table 1, Journal New York Entomological Society, Vol. XLIX, p. 9. It should be kept in mind that as the introduction chamber in this sector type of equipment was six feet away from the filter com- binations, the physical intensities of the wave-lengths reaching the introduction chamber were only l/36th of what they were when the testing was done in the circular apparatus where the insects were introduced one foot away from the filter combina- tions.

Thus, although the triangular apparatus enabled us to use ten wave-length bands in the spectrum and was equipped with a dark chamber, it forced us to introduce our specimens to energy that was only l/36th as intense as that used formerly in the cir- cular apparatus. This led to the construction of other equipment that shed more information upon insect behavior to light.

DESCRIPTION OF TESTING EQUIPMENT

The testing box, exclusive of the dark chamber and the light stand, was built of plyboard in the form of a sector having a radius from the center of the introduction chamber to the inside surface of the glass filters of 72 inches, and an outside chord of 86 inches. The arc of the sector was divided into 12 equal parts and, allowing for supports and insulating molding, we thus ob- tained 12 compartments six inches wide by three inches deep. The outer surface of each such compartment consisted of a ply- board slide with a lf-inch square opening in the lower left-hand corner over which the glass filters were placed and held firmly with thumb screws. Each of these compartments was divided in half with a plyboard strip, so that one-half of each compart-

6

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. L

ment was in total darkness during operation, while the other half was lighted. A plyboard slide formed the top of each compart- ment and two holes were bored in each top, then plugged with cotton. In using very active insects chloroform was dropped on these plugs and the insects killed at the end of a test. A slight space was allowed between the hinged tops of the central chamber and the tops of the outer compartments for the insertion of a metal slide at the completion of each trial. In this manner the insects were trapped in the outer compartments.

Fig. 2. (top) Top view of testing equipment showing principal parts and some details. (bottom) Vertical section through the centre of testing equipment.

A stand was constructed to hold the light bulbs. This stand was made of thin plyboard, well braced and mounted on casters so that it could be wheeled away from the end of the testing box to give easier access to the filter chambers. Tracks made of thin wooden strips were centered behind each filter so that when the

Mar., 1942]

Weiss et al.: Insects and Light

7

stand was in place the bulbs, mounted on wooden posts in the tracks, could be moved to the proper distances behind the filters. Metal baffles, painted black, were also fastened to the light stand to cut out interference from adjoining bulbs.

The two lids of the large central chamber were hinged along a central strip running the length of the chamber, so that at the end of a test these lids could be opened upward and braced, while the insects within were counted.

The introduction chamber, having an inside measurement of 6i inches by 6 inches, had a separate lid with a 2\ inch hole bored

Fig. 3. View of testing equipment with lids closed.

centrally. It was the usual procedure to drop the insects from their containers into a funnel placed in this opening and thus to the floor of the introduction chamber. Channels were provided in front of the introduction chamber and behind it. These were covered during a test to prevent light leakage, but at the comple- tion of a test metal slides were inserted thus trapping any remain-

8

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. L

ing insects, so that they might be counted. The dark or black chamber, which had an inside measurement of 18 inches by 12J inches, was added behind the introduction chamber and, of course, the insertion of the metal slide dividing the introduction chamber and the dark chamber served to trap in the dark chamber any

Fig. 4. View of testing equipment with one lid open. 1, dark chamber; 2, introduction chamber; 3, central chamber; 4, lid over one-half of top; 5, metal slide pulled up, this slide together with wooden slide 6 holding filters constitute two sides of filter chamber; Slide 5 also separates filter chamber from central chamber 3; 6, wooden slide holding filters, when removed ex- poses lighted and dark compartments of filter chamber so insects may be counted. At end of experiment metal slides like 5 are replaced, trapping the insects in the different filter chambers; 7, mercury lamp or source of ultra-violet; 8, metal baffle; 9, removable stand holding tracks and lamps.

insects that remained there at the completion of a test. The top of the dark chamber was removable so that the insect count could be obtained.

Molding was used on all joints in the box and all possible care was taken to insure light tightness of the whole apparatus. The

Mar., 1942]

Weiss et al. : Insects and Light

9

testing box was well braced with two by fours to prevent warp- ing. The apparatus and all its parts were painted with a dull black paint (Figs. 3 and 4).

The insects were placed in the introduction chamber, after the lamps were on and all filter chambers were open. At the ends of the exposure periods the filter chambers were closed by metal slides and the central compartment, introduction chamber and dark chamber also were separated from each other in the same way. Counts were then made. So few insects went to the dark compartments alongside the lighted ones, that it was not thought necessary to report them separately. In the tables they are in- cluded with those listed as occurring in the dark chamber. The time of exposure was varied in accordance with the activity of the species and represents, in our judgment, the time needed for a reaction of one kind or another to take place.

EESULTS

In Table 2 there are presented the results of exposing twenty species of insects, mostly Coleopterous ones, to ten wave-length bands in the sector type equipment. By consulting the percent- age distributions of the individuals reacting to the various wave- length bands, and by an examination of the behavior curves (Plates I and II), it may be noted at once that, with a few exceptions, the largest numbers of most of the species reacted positively to 3650-3663 Angstrom units (ultra-violet). This took place when the intensity at the introduction point was 3, or l/36th of the intensity at the introduction point in the circular appa- ratus.

Such species as Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Chrysochus anratus, Scolytus multistriatus, Hylurgopinus rufipes and Tetraopes tetra- ophthalmus, which were tested in both types of apparatus and which for the most part showed a peak response to 4700-5280 Angstrom units (blue-blue-green) when they were introduced at a relative intensity of 100 (1 foot away from filters), gave a peak response to 3650 Angstrom units (ultra-violet) when introduced at a relative intensity of 3 (6 feet away from filters).

Macrocentrus ancylivorus, when exposed to an introductory intensity of 100 exhibited peaks of equal magnitude at 3650-

TABLE 2

10

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. L

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Mar., 1942]

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Mar., 1942]

Weiss et al.: Insects and Light

13

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14

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. L

3663 A and in 4700-5280 A. When the relative introductory intensity was 3, the peak at 4700-5280 A became secondary in comparison with 3650-3663 A. The potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, which was tested quite extensively, in new lots each time, exhibited the same type of behavior to a pronounced degree.

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, which exhibited com- paratively little interest in 3650-3663 A, and which gave a peak response to 4700-5280 A, when the introductory intensity was 100, did not follow the behavior of the other species so strongly when the introductory intensity was reduced to 3, but the responses to 3650-3663 A went up slightly and the response to 4700-5280 A dropped somewhat. However, the peak response continued in 4700-5280 A or in that region.

These two types of responses, weak to 3650-3663 A (ultra- violet) and strong to 4700-5280 A when the introductory intens- ity was 100 (1 foot from filters) ; and strong to 3650-3663 A and weak to 4700-5280 A when the introductory intensity was 3 (6 feet from filters) indicated that the ultra-violet at an intensity of 100 was too intense when the insects were exposed suddenly to it, and also that the behavior pattern or the sensitivity of the insects to the spectrum could be varied by varying the intensities to which the insects were first exposed. In other words, it was suspected that the relative stimulating efficiency of various wave-lengths, of equal intensities, in that portion of the spectrum between 3650 A and 7400 A could be changed, within certain limits, by changing the distances between the source of the light and the point at which the insects were first exposed to it. This changes the introduc- tory intensities while the physical intensities of the sources remain constant. In all cases the insects, at the completion of the tests, were subjected to equal light intensities regardless of the initial or introductory intensities.

Although the insects under consideration behaved as if they had wave-length discrimination or a perception of color, they also changed their behavior when the introductory intensities, to which they were exposed, were changed. It should be kept in mind that the changed intensities took place equally for all the wave-lengths to which the insects were exposed and up to a certain point the insects were free to make their choice among wave-lengths of equal physical intensities.

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If different parts of the spectrum are preferred on account of the apparent luminosity of these parts then a wave-length of 3650 A and a region in the neighborhood of from 4700-5280 A would appear to be the most luminous to most of the insects at the intensities used. Of course this is only an inference drawn from their behavior. By the same reasoning the relative indif- ference of our species to 3650-3663 A (ultra-violet) at an intens- ity of 100 (1 foot from filters) may have been due to the fact that the introductory intensity at this wave-length was too great for them.

Because of the importance of intensity in influencing their be- havior it should be noted here that of the total number of indi- viduals exposed to an intensity of 100 (1 foot from filters) about 25 per cent remained in the centre of the apparatus and did not go to any filter chambers. When the introductory intensity was

TABLE 3

Name	Date	Relative humidity	Temperature °C. during test
tested	during test	At start	At end
Tenodera sinensis Sauss One-day-old nymphs	Feb. 25, 1941	Per cent 30	24	25.0
One-day-old nymphs	Feb. 26, 1941	26	24	25.5
One-day-old nymphs	Feb. 27, 1941	30	21	24.0
One-day-old nymphs	Mar. 1, 1941	32	23	24.0
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say	May 28, 1941	52	27	27.0
Megilla fnscilabris Muls	Feb. 28, 1941	30	23	25.0
Myllocerus castaneus Roelofs ...	April 4, 1941	34	24	25.0
Macrocentrus ancylivorus	Mar. 7, 1941	30	23	24.0

reduced to 3 (6 feet from filters) the percentage not going to any filter chambers increased to around 54 per cent. The factor of increased space permitting more freedom of movement may have some bearing on these percentages.

This factor and the importance of the introductory intensity in determining the behavior to wave-length made it necessary to build another piece of equipment that was flexible enough to per- mit changes in the introductory intensities.

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(3) BEHAVIOR OF THE POTATO BEETLE AND THE JAPANESE BEETLE TO WAVE-LENGTHS OF DIFFERENT INTRODUCTORY INTENSITIES

This work was conducted in two wooden, light-tight runways emanating at right angles to each other from an introduction chamber about 8.5 inches square. These runways were made in 1 foot sections that could be fastened together. Distal sections were equipped with sub-chambers, for the filters, and in which the insects could be trapped. By this means, it was possible to test the insects at distances of from 1 to 6 feet away from the light chamber, and consequently at different intensities (Fig. 6).

Because 3650-3663 A and 4700-5280 A were the wave-lengths to which the various species responded in the largest numbers, it was decided to operate these two in competition with each other at various intensities, i.e., by introducing the insects at various distances from the sources of the wave-lengths. The results of these tests are shown in Tables 5 and 6. For example, using potato beetles, when the intensity of each of the competing wave- lengths was 100, 40 per cent of the reacting beetles went to ultra- violet and 60 per cent went to blue-blue-green. When the in- tensity of both was reduced to 25, 54 per cent went to ultra-violet and 46 per cent to blue-blue-green. When the intensities were further reduced the same type of progressive results continued. When the intensity reached 3, 80 per cent of the reacting beetles went to ultra-violet and 20 per cent to blue-blue-green.

The behavior of the Japanese beetle as shown in Table 6 fol- lowed the same trend when tested under similar conditions but the differences between the responses to the two wave-lengths at varying intensities were not so great as those for the potato beetle. Apparently with only two wave-length bands to choose from the Japanese beetle did not at different introductory intensities dif- ferentiate between them as sharply as did the potato beetle.

In our tests with the Japanese beetle, and with other photo- positive insects as well, where the physical intensities of the wave- lengths were equalized, either at 100, or 3, or some other figure, in nearly all cases that portion of the spectrum from about 5300 A to 7400 A had comparatively little attractive value. However, this was true only when that part of the spectrum was competing with the blue end at equal intensities.

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TABLE 4

Name	Date tested	Relative humidity during test	Temperature °C. during test
	At start	At end
Celetes basalis Lee	July 11, 1941	Per cent 60	28.0	28.1
Coccinella novemnotata Hbst.	June 18, 1941	64	27.0	27.2
Disonycha quinquevittata Say	Aug. 4, 1941	40	29.0	29.5
Blepharida rhois Forst	July 17, 1941	80	27.5	27.6
Blepharida rhois Forst	July 18, 1941	73	27.0	27.0
Chrysoclius auratus (Fab.)	June 26, 1941	50	27.0	27.0
Lina lapponica Linn	June 7, 1941	55	25.0	25.1
Lina lapponica Linn	June 23, 1941	62	29.0	29.0
Galerucella xanthomelaena Selir	May 2, 1941	28	24.5	25.0
Plagiodera versicolora Laich	May 12, 1941	41	24.5	25.0
Crioceris asparagi Linn	May 9, 1941	45	26.0	26.0
Crioceris asparagi Linn	May 15, 1941	45	26.0	26.0
Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Foer	June 19, 1941	64	27.0	27.8
Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Foer	June 18, 1941	60	27.0	27.0
Eylurgopinus rufipes (Eich.)	July 30, 1941	90	28.0	28.0
Scolytus multistriatus Marsh.	June 6, 1941	45	24.2	25.0
Scolytus multistriatus Marsh.	July 30, 1941	90	27.0	27.5
Serica tricolor Say	May 19, 1941	40	25.2	26.0
Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab	June 9, 1941	38	26.0	26.0
Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab	May 29, 1941	47	31.0	32.0
Autoserica castanea Arrow	July 11, 1941	62	29.5	29.5
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say	May 21, 1941	52	26.2	26.4
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say	May 28, 1941	62	28.0	29.0
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say	June 10, 1941	25	26.0	27.0
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say	June 3, 1941	52	26.1	26.5
Galerucella notata (Fab.)	Sept. 12, 1941	35	27.0	27.0
Popillia japonica Newm	June 12, 1941	86	25.5	25.5
Popillia japonica Newm	June 16, 1941	55	26.0	26.2
Popillia japonica Newm	June 17, 1941	55	26.0	26.5
Popillia japonica Newm.	July 31, 1941	70	29.0	29.5
Popillia japonica Newm	July 31, 1941	70	29.0	29.5
Popillia japonica Newm	July 31, 1941	70	29.0	29.5
Popillia japonica Newm	Aug. 14, 1941	40	29.0	29.0
Popillia japonica Newm	Aug. 15, 1941	64	26.0	26.0
Macrocentrus ancylivorus	April 23, 1941	38	25.0	25.5
Apis mellifica L	April 30, 1941	29	24.9	25.0
Apis mellifica L	June 23, 1941	62	29.0	29.0
Leptocoris trivittatus Say	Oct. 2, 1941	42	26.0	26.0

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Table 7 sets forth the results obtained with the Japanese beetle when ultra-violet and blue-blue-green at low introductory inten- sities competed with other colors in the red end of the spectrum at comparatively high introductory intensities. These tests were made in the apparatus last described, the runways being at right angles to each other. For example infra-red (6620-7400 A), which attracted practically nothing in former tests where the intensities were equalized, attracted 10 per cent of the beetles when used at an intensity of 100 in competition with ultra-violet (3650-3663 A) at an intensity of 3, which attracted 90 per cent.

TABLE 5

Behavior of the Potatoe Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, to Ultra- violet, and Blue-blue-green Lights in Competition at Varying Introductory Intensities

No. tests	No. insects involved	Per cent not reacting	Per cent reacting	Exposure	Per cent reacting to 3650-3663 A (Ultra-violet)	Per cent reacting to 4700-5280 A (Blue-blue-green)	Relative physical intensity of each wave-length band
3	29.7	26	74	Minutes 15	40	60	100
3	386	19	81	15	54	46	25
4	428	39	61	45	62	38	11-
1	159	11	89	20	60	40	6
1	159	3	97	20	71	29	4
1	144	13	87	30	80	20	3
1	115	30	70	30	50	50	100
1	103	18	82	15	70	30	11
1	121	33	67	15	79	21	3
1	95	26	74	15	57	43	100
1	117	26	74	15	65	35	11
1	138	30	70	30	78	22	3

Orange-red (6120-6860 A), another unattractive wave-length at equal intensities, when used at an intensity of 100 in competi- tion with ultra-violet (3650-3663 A) at 3 attracted 49 per cent of the insects. This type of behavior held true for the colors yellow-orange (5900-6420 A), yellow-yellow-green (5550-6070 A) and yellow-green (5300-5760 A) when used in competition with ultra-violet (3650-3663 A) under the same conditions.

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The same behavior took place when blue-blue-green (4700- 5280 A) instead of ultra-violet was used in competition with the colors previously used. The intensity of the blue-blue-green was 3 and that of the other colors was 100. The results of these tests are also shown on Table 7.

Infra-red was not very attractive even at the greatly increased intensity and most of the beetles preferred to travel 6 feet to either ultra-violet or blue-blue-green, when the introduction in- tensity was 3, rather than 1 foot to the infra-red when the intro- duction intensity was 100. Another seemingly unattractive wave- length band, blue (4420-5000 A), indicated by the constant dip in the behavior curves was also found to be attractive when the insects were introduced to it at a greatly increased intensity.

Fig. 5. Two-way apparatus, showing introduction chamber and several sections.

This behavior indicates that, within certain limits, relatively unattractive parts of the spectrum can be made attractive by increasing their intensities.

In order to find out what would happen if the insects were given a smaller choice of wave-length bands and if this choice were successively narrowed by eliminating one band after each trial, one half of the sector type of apparatus was used and the insects were exposed three feet away from the filters or at an introduc- tory intensity of 11.

The results of these tests are outlined in Tables 8 to 11, the potato beetle and the Japanese beetle being utilized because of

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their availability. As will be noted in Table 8, potato beetles were exposed to five bands extending from 3650 to 5660 A for 30 minutes, and the reacting beetles went, in almost equal numbers, to every band except bine and bine-green. At the end of the next test which involved four bands, the blue-green having been dropped, the beetles again went in almost equal numbers to every-

TABLE 6

Behavior of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, to Ultra-violet and Blue-blue-green Lights in Competition at Varying Introduction Intensities

No. tests	No. insects involved	Per cent not reacting	Per cent reacting	Exposure	Per cent reacting to 3650-3663 A (Ultra-violet)	Per cent reacting to 4700-5280 A (Blue-blue-green)	Relative physical intensity of each wave-length band
1	117	38	62	Minutes 15	44	56	100
1	94	40	60	15	41	59	25
1	98	35	65	20	53	47	11
1	107	20	80	25	58	42	6
1	101	39	61	25	56	44	4
1	108	21	79	30	61	39	3
1	122	14	86	15	38	62	100
1	119	32	68	15	25	75	25
1	98	9	91	20	45	55	11
1	114	4	96	20	34	66	6
1	115	5	95	20	45	55	4
1	108	0	100	20	52	48	3
1	115	14	86	15	37	63	100
1	116	11	89	15	25	75	25
1	125	39	61	15	50	50	11
1	152	20	80	40	40	60	6
1	136	23	77	50	47	53	4
1	160	34	66	30	31	69	100
1	221	22	78	30	44	56	11
1	133	36	64	35	54	46	3

thing except blue. In the third test, with three bands to choose from the response was equal to ultra-violet and violet-blue, and low to blue. In the fourth test, involving two favorable colors, 62 per cent went to violet-blue. In the fifth test, the insects had no choice. It should be noted that throughout the tests the num- bers reacting held up fairly uniformly.

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The results of a similar test, with the Japanese beetle, in which one band was dropped after each test, are shown in Table 9. In four of the five tests blue-green was the least attractive color, and blue-blue-green nearly always the most attractive one. In the fifth test, where there was no choice, all went to blue-green, but only half the number of beetles reacted in comparison with pre- vious tests.

In the next two series of tests, the insects were exposed to five bands extending from 5300 to 7400 A and one band was dropped after each test, as formerly. In previous tests where the expo- sure was to 10 bands extending from 3650 to 7400 A, that portion of the spectrum from about 5300 to 7400 A was always relatively unattractive. Therefore, in Tables 10 and 11, the behavior is shown when the insects were given a choice in what previously was a series of unfavorable wave-length bands.

Forty per cent of the potato beetles in the first test went to yellow-green and the smallest percentage to infra-red. In the second test, with yellow-green omitted, the preference was for yellow-yellow-green. In fact, as the favorite color in each test was eliminated, the color nearest the omitted one, and the most distant from infra-red, became the favored one. This kept up until all went to infra-red, but a fewer number reacted. In fact, only 28 per cent reacted to infra-red while double this percentage reacted to the bands in the other tests.

In Table 11 the behavior of the Japanese beetle is shown to the same sort of tests. And in general the results are similar to those obtained with the potato beetle. However, with the third test to 3 wave-length bands, the number reacting declined and this decline was considerable when the beetles had no choice except infra-red. In this case only 2 per cent reacted, which is negli- gible.

From the behavior as indicated in Tables 8 to 11, it would appear that a certain proportion of potato beetles and Japanese beetles, when confined in a roomy apparatus, and exposed to various wave-length bands, will respond positively to almost every part of the spectrum between 3650 and 5660 A at an intensity of 11. If the band in this portion of the spectrum is narrowed so that they are limited in their choice, in general they will respond just as well to the narrower portion.

Behavior of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, to Ultra-violet and Blue-blue-green Light of Low Intensity in Competition with Various Other Colors at Comparatively High Intensities

Journal New York Entomological Society

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Per cent reacting	O Cl i — i to CO rH tO CD CO	05 05 tH 05 rH H100l>00	03 T* Ttf CD CO tH
Relative physical intensity	O O O O O o o o o o rH tH tH tH rH	o o o o o O 0-0 o o rH i — 1 l— i rH i — 1	O O O O O O i — 1 i — 1 i — 1
Wave-length bands	Angstrom 6620-7400 6120-6860 5900-6420 5500-6070 5300-5760	6620-7400 6120-6860 5900-6420 5500-6070 5300-5760	4420-5000 5900-6420 5500-6070
Per cent reacting	O H 05 tH N 05 50 CO CO	i — 1 H CO H 05 O0 ^ CO 03 i— 1	00 CO CO CO CO 03
Relative physical intensity	co co co co co	co co co co co	CO rH rH rH i — 1
-H> fcOD PI «	H CO CO CO CO CO 5- CO CO to CO CD o to co co co co it CO CO CO CO CO Yz 1 1 1 1 1	o o o o o oo ® oo oo oo 03 03 03 03 03 io w io w w 1 1 1 1 1	co co co co co co co co co co co co i i i
& c3 > cS £	CO 1 tH o o o o o sg WIOIOWIO CO CO CO CO CO N CO CO CO CO CO	1 1 1 1 1 o o o o o o o o o o tH tH tH tH tH Tjt TfH hJH Ttl	i i i o o o to to to co co co co co co
CD ?H d	cc <55
CQ o a X	to to to to to i — I i — I i — I r— I i— I •tri	no to to to to i — 1 rH i — 1 i — 1 i — 1	to to to H H H
Per cent reacting	CO CO CO H l> 00 1C 00 t>	05 Ih 00 03 to tH 05 GO 05 GO	G0 00 05 tH GO
Per cent not re- acting	CO tH tH IH 05 O] rH rH CM	rH CO 03 OO lO 03 rH rH	03 03 rH 03 lO rH
m •g T3 CD © CO • S "o	, HCONNO O tH tH i— 1 tH ID CO >o l>	tH lH 03 to GO CO 03 03 CO H 03 03 03 03 03	03 05 00 H H tH to CO HlH
© d £,rH
. zn
® « Z ©	co co co co co	rH rH rH rH rH	CO CO CO

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Weiss et al.: Insects and Light

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It is also indicated that when the same insects are exposed to various bands in that part of the spectrum between 5300 and 7400 A at an introductory intensity of 11 a pronounced response will take place to every wave-length band except that of infra-red. If the band in this portion of the spectrum is narrowed, the greatest response will take place, as a rule, to the bands furthest removed from infra-red. Although the response to infra-red appears significant from a percentage standpoint, it is really not significant from the standpoint of actual numbers.

TABLE 8

Behavior of the Potato Beetle to Five Wave-length Bands in the Blue End of the Spectrum, with One Band Eliminated After Each Test (Physical intensities of wave-lengths equalized at 11)

No. tests	No. insects involved	Per cent not react- ing	Per cent react- ing	Expo- sure	Wave- length band	Per cent react- ing	Color of light transmitted
				Minutes	Angstrom
1	157	50	50	30	3650-3663	28	Ultra-violet
					4120-4760	25	Violet-blue
					4420-5000	9	Blue
					4700-5280	23	Blue-blue-green
					4940-5660	15	Blue-green
1	180	48	52	30	3650-3663	28	Ultra-violet
					4120-4760	28	Violet-blue
					4420-5000	13	Blue
					4700-5280	31	Blue-blue-green
1	179	49	51	30	3650-3663	40	Ultra-violet
					4120-4760 •	40	Violet-blue
					4420-5000	20	Blue
1	149	51	49	30	3650-3663	38	Ultra-violet
					4120-4760	62	Violet-blue
1	141	58	42	30	3650-3663	100	Ultra-violet

It should be kept in mind that the behavior as reported in Tables 8 to 11 took place at an introductory intensity of 11, and that in all likelihood the ratios would be significantly changed if there was a corresponding change in the introductory intensity.

Notes

All tests were made during daylight from 9 : 00 a.m. to 4 : 00 p.m., except for Autoserica castanea. This species exhibited little or no interest in light even after being kept in a dark place 10

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or 15 minutes before testing. The tests as recorded were made at 9 : 00 p.m., D.S.T. As this is a nocturnal species we believe that an even greater percentage would have reacted if the tests had been made later in the evening.

The individuals of many species were in copulation during the tests, this being particularly true of Chrysochus auratus, Macro- dactylus subspinosus, Popillia japonica and Leptinotarsa decem- lineata. This and the gregariousness of some species may have added something to the number of individuals going to a certain color but not enough to warrant serious consideration. As a rule the three tests that were made for many species were fairly uniform.

TABLE 9

Behavior of the Japanese Beetle to Five Wave-length Bands, in the Blue End of the Spectrum, with One Band Eliminated after Each Test

(Physical intensities of wave-lengths equalized at 11)

No. tests	No. insects involved	Per cent not react- ing	Per cent react- ing	Expo- sure	Wave- length band	Per cent react- ing	Color of light transmitted
				Minutes	Angstrom
1	370	30	70	15	3650-3663	11	Ultra-violet
					4120-4760	21	Violet-blue
					4420-5000	31	Blue
					4700-5280	30	Blue-blue-green
					4940-5660	7	Blue-green
1	357	38	62	15	4120-4760	24	Violet-blue
					4420-5000	23	Blue
					4700-5280	38	Blue-blue-green
					4940-5660	15	Blue-green
1	284	53	47	15	4420-5000	26	Blue
					4700-5280	52	Blue-blue-green
					4940-5660	22	Blue-green
1	294	32	68	15	4700-5280	81	Blue-blue-green
					4940-5660	19	Blue-green
1	245	65	35	15	4940-5660 ! 1	100	Blue-green

In the case of Apis mellifica, field bees on their way out of the hive were used. It was found that if well fed the bees had a tendency to stay in the introduction chamber.

Tiphia vernalis (Hymen.). Males of this species were used twice, once on May 7 and again on June 14. After an exposure

Mar., 1942]

Weiss et al. : Insects and Light

25

of 20 minutes to 10 wave-length bands practically all the insects in both instances remained in the introduction chamber or the center of the apparatus. Apparently an introductory intensity of 3 was not a strong enough one to stimulate them.

Crypt orhynchus lapathi (Col.). This weevil was tested twice, about 130 adults being used in each test, but the response to the light was very poor. Ninety per cent of the beetles went either to the dark chamber or remained in the introduction compart- ment. These tests were made on July 8 at an introductory in- tensity of 3.

Cicindela repanda (Col.). Fifty adults of this tiger beetle were exposed twice on August 22, once at an introductory intens- ity of 3 and again at an introductory intensity of 11. In both cases practically all the beetles remained where they were first introduced. In comparison with bright sunlight to which these insects are frequently accustomed, both our introductory inten- sities must have seemed like darkness to them. They moved only when a moving object such as a hand approached them in order to pick them up. It was unexpected to find these active insects, after an exposure of 15 minutes, in exactly the same place where they had been introduced. Some had not moved at all and others had not moved more than an inch or two. They seemed to be hypnotized at the low intensities of the various wave-lengths.

Aedes cegypti (Dip.). Two hundred and fifteen adults of the yellow fever mosquito were tested on September 24 at an intro- ductory intensity of 3 and not a single one went to any of the 10 wave-length bands. Seventy-five per cent remained in the intro- duction chamber and 25 per cent went to the black chamber.

Pyrausta nubilalis (Lep.). Adults of this species were tested in lots of 100 and more during the daytime on May 20 and May 26, at an intensity of 3. After an exposure of 35 minutes in one case and 60 minutes in another only a few insects were found in the ultra-violet and blue-blue-green compartments. Most of them were in the introduction compartment. Different results might have been obtained if the testing had been done at night.

Summary and Discussion

Twenty-nine species of insects, mostly Coleopterous and diur- nal, were exposed to from eight to ten light bands of equal physi-

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cal intensities in that part of the spectrum from 3650 to 7400 Angstrom units. The physical intensities of the wave-lengths were equalized by the methods set forth in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vol. XLIX, p. 1-20, 1941. The introductory intensities of the wave-lengths were changed in some cases by exposing the insects at different distances from the source of light. When the insects under consideration were ex-

TABLE 10

Behavior of the Potato Beetle to Five Wave-length Bands in the Spec- trum from Green to Infra-red with One Band Eliminated after Each Test

(Physical intensities of wave-lengths equalized at 11)

No. tests	No. insects involved	Per cent not react- ing	Per cent react- ing	Expo- sure	Wave- length band	Per 1 cent ! react- \| ing	Color of light transmitted
				Minutes	Angstrom
1	144	54	46	30	5300-5760	40	Yellow-green
					5500-6070	21	Yellow-yellow-
							green
					5900-6420	26	Yellow-orange
					6120-6860	10	Orange-red
					6620-7400	3	Infra-red
1	150	52	48	30	5500-6070	46	Yellow-yellow-
							green
					5900-6420	18	Yellow-orange
					6120-6860	24	Orange-red
					6620-7400	12	Infra-red
1	135	58	42	30	5900-6420	66	Yellow-orange
					6120-6860	23	Orange-red
					6620-7400	11	Infra-red
1	121	55	45	30	6120-6860	76	Orange-red
					6620-7400	24	Infra-red
1	110	72	28	30	6620-7400	100	Infra-red

posed to the various colors at an introductory intensity of 100 the peak response, for most of them, took place at 4700-5280 A (blue-blue-green). When the introductory exposure was at an intensity of 3, the peak response took place at 3650-3663 A. In nearly all cases the responses to 5550-7400 A were insignificant, when the insects were exposed to the blue end of the spectrum as well.

The behavior of the potato beetle and the Japanese beetle to

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Weiss et al.: Insects and Light

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ultra-violet and blue-blue-green in competition with each other indicated that the sensitivity of the insects to these wave-lengths or colors, varied in accordance with the introductory intensities.

Tests made with the Japanese beetle alone, using ultra-violet and blue-blue-green in competition with 5 wave-lengths or colors mostly in the so-called red end of the spectrum indicated that parts of the red end at intensities of 100 are more attractive than ultra-violet and blue-blue-green at intensities of 3.

TABLE 11

Behavior of the Japanese Beetle to Five Wave-length Bands in the Spectrum from Green to Infra-red with One Band Eliminated after Each Test

(Physical intensities of wave-lengths equalized at 11)

No. tests	No. insects involved	Per cent not react- ing	Per cent react- ing	Expo- sure	Wave- length band	Per cent react- ing	Color of light transmitted
				Minutes	Angstrom
1	320	33	67	15	5300-5760	21	Yellow-green
					5550-6070	33	Yellow-yellow-
							green
					5900-6420	30	Yellow-orange
					6120-6860	16	Orange-red
					6620-7400	0	Infra-red
1	288	35	65	15	5550-6070	36	Yellow-yellow-
							green
					5900-6420	32	Yellow-orange
					6120-6860	29	Orange-red
					6620-7400	3	Infra-red
1	230	60	40	15	5900-6420	57	Yellow-orange
					6120-6860	36	Orange-red
					6620-7400	7	Infra-red
1	187	68	32	15	6120-6860	83	Orange-red
					6620-7400	17	Infra-red
1	176	98	2	15	6620-7400	100	Infra-red

Additional tests with the potato beetle and Japanese beetle, in which they were exposed at first to five wave-length bands which were progressively reduced to one, indicated that at an intensity of 11, in the absence of a favored color, these insects will respond to all test colors except infra-red.

In view of these results with the species under consideration it is apparent that they behaved as if they had wave-length or

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color discrimination. With the physical intensities of the colors equalized, and at a certain introductory intensity at exposure to the colors, an almost uniform type of behavior pattern was appar- ent for many species, with the most stimulating part of the spec- trum being confined to certain of the shorter wave-lengths. When the introductory intensity was changed the behavior pattern changed also, this change taking place in the response to the blue end of the spectrum and involving specifically the sensitivity of the insects to 3650-3663 A, and 4700-5280 A.

These and the other types of behavior to colors which occurred when the physical intensities were changed suggest that the stimu- lating values of the wave-lengths may be due in large part to their apparent luminosity, or to some other effect of wave-length and intensity upon the visual apparatus. Although apparent lumi- nosity can only be inferred from the actions of the insects, it seems to offer a satisfactory explanation for the varied behavior. It is our belief that of the two factors, wave-length and intensity, the latter is by far the most important. Of course the relative importance of each can only be determined by experimental work designed to bring out the thresholds of reflex action for various species exposed to different wave-lengths at different intensities.

It should be kept in mind that the work reported upon in this and the two previous papers is intended to be exploratory rather than exhaustive in any particular aspect. After studying the general behavior of many species to various wave-lengths, infor- mation is obtained that is invaluable in planning further work in a narrower and more specialized phase. The results therefore, so far, should be interpreted as indicating trends of behavior for large numbers of insects rather than as types of behavior that are fixed and inflexible. Not all individuals in a group of one species or another are equally photosensitive at the same time. Our specimens, as they were collected in the field, included indi- viduals of different ages and certainly many of them were under outer and internal stimuli that modified or inhibited their re- sponse to light. Care was taken to use fresh specimens in every test. When this was not possible, the tests were discontinued when it became apparent that too much handling or too many successive exposures were reducing their sensitivity.

Mar., 1942]

Weiss et al. : Insects and Light

29

Although artificial light is a poor substitute for sunlight, the use of reflected sunlight of uniform and constant quality seems unattainable. And although the tests were artificial in that in- sects are not called upon in nature to make choices between such wave-lengths as we placed before them, no better method pre- sented itself. Out of doors, insects are subjected to a variable

WAVELENGTH-ANGSTROMS

Fig. 6. Average energy distribution curves for following types of day- light: (A) Zenith sky, color temperature 13,700° K; (B) North sky on 45° plane, color temperature 10,000° K; (C) Totally overcast sky, color tem- perature 6500° K; (D) Sun plus sky on horizontal plant, color temperature 6000° K; (E) Direct sunlight, color temperature 5335°K. (After A. H. Taylor and G. P. Kerr.)

distribution of energy in the visible spectrum of daylight. Haze, dust, clouds, smoke absorb certain wave-lengths. Taylor and Kerr, who have recently measured the relative spectral energj^ distribution of daylight, show in a recent paper some of the nor-

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mal variations in the distribution of energy from 4000 to 7000 A. While these variations represent only a small part of the entire range found in nature they do not seem to be very great for sun- light and are not nearly so great as the changes in introductory physical intensities to which we subjected our experimental in- sects. For example a reduction in relative physical intensity from 100 to 3 is approximately a change of 3300 per cent. Such relatively small comparative variations as occur in nature during the mid-day sunlight hours, in which many insects are active, probably influence insect behavior little or not at all.

When we used 100 watt lamps instead of 40 watt lamps, thereby increasing the physical intensity approximately 250 per cent, the responses of the species showed no appreciable change. Figure 7 shows average energy distribution curves, for certain types of daylight, as plotted by Taylor and Kerr.

Acknowledgments

For supplying the specimens used in the tests we are greatly indebted to Mr. Robert J. Sim, Mr. Paul L. Holcombe, Mr. Lewis P. Hoagland, Mr. C. W. Collins, Mr. Max P. Zappe, Dr. Philip Garman, Dr. J. L. King, Dr. R. W. Glaser, and Mr. John H. Harman.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bertholf, Lloyd M. Reactions of the honeybee to light. Jour. Agric. Res., vol. 42, p. 379-419, 1931.

. The distribution of stimulative efficiency in the ultra-violet spec- trum for the honeybee. Jour. Agric. Res., vol. 43, p. 703-713, 1931. Cameron, J. W. MacBain. The reactions of the housefly, Musca domestica Linn., to light of different wave-lengths. Canad. Jour. Res., D, 16, 307-342, 1938.

Detwiler, S. R. Some biological aspects of vision. Sigma Xi Quarterly vol. 2, p. 112-129, 142, 1941.

Ficht, G. A., and T. E. Hienton. Some of the more important factors gov- erning the flight of European corn Borer moths to electric traps. Jour. Econ. Ent., vol. 34, No. 5, p. 599-604, Oct., 1941.

. Studies of the flight of European corn borer moths to light traps : A

progress report. Jour. Econ. Ent., vol. 32, No. 4, p. 520-526, 1939. Hervey, G. E. R., and C. E. Palm. A preliminary report on the responses of the European corn borer to light. Jour. Econ. Ent., vol. 28, No. 4, p. 670-675, 1935.

Mar., 1942]

Weiss et al. : Insects and Light

31

Lutz, Frank E., and E. N. Grisewood. Eeactions of Drosophila to 2537 A radiation. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 706, p. 1-14, 1934.

Mac Leod, G. F. Effects of infra-red irradiation on the American cockroach. Jour. Econ. Ent., vol. 34, No. 5, p. 728-729, Oct., 1941.

Marshall, G. Edward, and T. E. Hienton. The kind of radiation most at- tractive to the codling moth: A progress report. Jour. Econ. Ent., vol. 31, No. 3, p. 360-366, 1938.

Porter, Lawrence C. What kinds of light attract night-flying insects most? Least? General Electric Eeview, vol. 44, p. 310-313, 1941.

Sabrosky, Curtis W., Iva Larson, and Eobert K. Nabours. Experiments with light upon reproduction, growth and diapause in grouse locusts (Acrididee, Tetriginse). Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. 36, p. 298-300, 1933.

Taylor, A. H., and G. P. Kerr. The distribution of energy in the visible spectrum of daylight. Jour. Optical Soc. Amer., vol. 31, p. 1-8, 1941.

Weiss, Harry B., Frank A. Soraci, and E. E. McCoy, Jr. Notes on the re- actions of certain insects to different wave-lengths of light. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. XLIX, p. 1-20, 1941.

. Additional notes on the behavior of certain insects to different wave- lengths of light. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. XLIX, p. 149-159, 1941.

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PLATE I

Figure	1.	Crioceris asparagi
Figure	2.	Lina lapponica
Figure	3.	Lina lapponica
Figure	4.	Tetraopes tetraophthalmus
Figure	5.	S erica iricolor
Figure	6.	Chrysochus auratus
Figure	7.	Plagiodera versicolora
Figure	8.	Autoserica castanea
Figure	9.	Eylurgopinus rufipes
Figure 10.	Scolytus multistriatus
Figure	11.	Macrodactylus subspinosus
Figure 12.	Macrodactylus subspinosus
Figure 13.	Coccinella 9-notata
Figure	14.	Disonycha quinquevittata
Figure	15.	Blepharida rhois
Figure 16.	Blepharida rhois
Figure	17.	Apis mellifica
Figure	18.	Apis mellifica
Figure 19.	Galerucelia xanthomelaena
Figure	20.	Macrocentrus ancylivorus
Figure 21.	Macrocentrus ancylivorus
Figure	22.	Celetes basalis

Note: Figures in parentheses below names on plate indicate the relative intensities of wave-lengths.

(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. L (Plate I)

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Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Figure 28. Figure 29. Figure 30. Figure 31. Figure 32. Figure 33. Figure 34. Figure 35. Figure 36. Figure 37.

PLATE II

Popillia japonica Popillia japonica

Popillia japonica. Filter positions in disarray.

Popillia japonica

Tetraopes tetraophthalmus

Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Myllocerus castaneus

Megilla fuscilabris

Note: Figues in parentheses below names on plate indicate the relative intensities of wave-lengths.

(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. I.

(Plate II)

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BOOK NOTICE

Butterflies. A Handbook of the Butterflies of the United States, Complete for the Bec/ion North of the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and East of the Dakotas. By Ralph W. Macy and Harold H. Shepard. The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1941. Cloth, 6x9 inches, viii + 248 p. Four color plates and 52 text illustrations. $3.50.

The introduction to this book is worth reading for it gives an informative, general survey of present-day knowledge of butter- flies and the methods pursued in their study. A map defines the general area considered and a map of Minnesota, showing life zones, is valuable because of the many Minnesota records listed at the end of each description.

As the book is written for the general use of the many people who are interested in natural history, but who are not trained taxonomists, the whole presentation is very simple and avoids technicalities. Thus the systematic account starts with a short family key. In the text each family is briefly defined and fol- lowed by a key to the species. Four families, Danaidse, Satyridse, Nymphalidge and Libytheidge are handled in one key which is a successful solution for the few species included. In presenting the Hesperiidse, the subfamily Pyrginge has a key to the genera with further keys to the species. The Hesperiinge are divided into four generic groups by key and each group subdivided to genera, and where needed to species by keys. The scheme is compre- hensible to the amateur and makes accurate determination of the northeastern species possible.

The index includes both popular and scientific names and each description of a species is headed by the scientific name followed by the popular name. The references to the literature are con- fined to the original descriptions and readily obtainable popular works. Information on life history briefly describes egg, larva and pupa, mentioning food plants and habits.

There are 45 text figures, principally of Hesperiidse and four colored plates showing 29 species in reduced size. The plates seem somewhat of an afterthought for they are not referred to in the text.

The book is a useful addition to popular butterfly literature. Its claim : ‘ ‘ Complete for the Region ’ ’ is unfortunate for three species distinctly from the region are omitted. — W. P. Comstock.

Mar., 1942]

Forbes: Dircenna

37

ON BORDER-LINE DIRCENNA (LEPIDOPTERA, ITHOMIINiE )

By Wm. T. M. Forbes Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

The following little group of species has been standing in onr lists as Episcada and Pteronymia, but is obviously much closer to the lenea group, generally considered a section of Dircenna. We have long recognized them as a distinct group, not specially related to Episcada and Pteronymia, but held off because the Cornell collection only contained a single damaged male. Males of two more species in the American Museum of Natural History show that the group is a sound one. Superficially they look a little like some of the aberrant Dircennas, but not at all like the typical and lenea groups. They may be distinguished from all the other Ithomiinas known to me by the lower discocellular of fore wing being angulated far below its middle, with vertical upper sector.

Hyalenna, new genus

General characters of Ithomia and Dircenna, as given by Staudinger and Schatz (Exotische Tagfalter, Familien und Gattungen 95, 96). Sides of thorax Avitli shaggy bands of long hair as in normal Dircenna, unlike the majority of the Ithomia group; first two segments of abdomen lightly hairy. Fore wing normal except the closure of the cell ; mdcv long and erect ; ldcv not longer, right-angled and bearing the medial spur well below its middle, the upper half continuing the general line of mdcv. Hind wing of male with Sc closely parallel to cell for a distance at base, then diverging to enclose a long- fusiform sex-patcli, but again approaching beyond it and fading out before end of discal cell, hair pencil toward base of cell only; udcv very short and oblique out, mdcv moderate, oblique in, ldcv much longer, angulate and bear- ing the M-spur, its upper sector rather short and oblique in, the lower oblique out and convex outward. Female hind wing with Sc and R closely parallel for nearly half length of cell, Sc then diverging and ending rather beyond end of cell; discocellulars about as in male, but upper even shorter; hum in both sexes recurrent to basal angle, simple or with slight vestige of the outer branch. Male fore leg with tibio-tarsus a knob, densely hairy; female (Fig. 5) with fifth segment markedly developed and first three segments spined, essentially as in “D.” lenea (Fig. 4). Scaling of wings slight, mostly limited to veins and decidedly narrow borders.

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This genus will run in Fox’s male key (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., lxvi, 169, 1940) to Dircenna, from which it differs by the ldcv of fore wing and different appearance. The female will run to alternative 7, but the length of M-spur and exact length of the closely parallel portions of Sc and R are variable and it may run to Dircenna, Corbulis or Oleria; from all of these it differs by the ldcv of fore wing, and from Oleria by the different course of R of hind wing.

The male genitalia are essentially as in D. lenea: uncus and valves simple; costa not much enlarged, penis simple (though not lengthened as in the lenea group) but with a large triangular gnathos (subscaphium) as in others of the Dircenna group • it will run in Kremky’s key (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., iv, 181, 1925) to Episcada, as will also D. lenea.

Key to Species

1. Fore wing with a yellow bar at end of cell, extending down to M3, very

broad, and including the parts of the veins crossing it alidella

-. Fore wing with pm band whitish or white, and cutting Rs and Mx very shortly, or obsolete, never cutting M2 2

2. Outer part of transparent ground as seen against a dark background with

a series of 5 whitish shades in interspaces just before border; border

-. A small whitish spot in cell M3 and minute one in Cux only; border black teresita

3. Border of hind wing below plain light tawny ; expanse 70 mm. .... perasippc -. Border of hind wing below with four white submarginal spots, the first in

female rounded, the rest linear, all inconspicuous in male ; expanse 60 mm. maculata

CATALOGUE OF SPECIES

(For further bibliography see Bryk, Lep. Cat,, lxxx, 1937.) alidella Hew. ( Ithomia ) 111. Exot, Butt., iv, Ithomia, 27 : 174, 1869; Weymer Berl. Ent. Zeit., xliv, 308, 1899 (to Episcada) ; Haensch, Berlin Ent. Zeit., xlviii, 197, 1903 (to Ptero-

nymia). Colombia

a. dir am a Hsch. Berl. Ent, Zeit,, 1, 172, 5: 19: 1905 (as sp. of Episcada) ; Seitz, v, 39 : fl.1 Bolivia

1 Not seen and no characters given to distinguish it from typical alidella; presumably a race, as given in Seitz.

Mar., 1942]

Forbes : Dircenna

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teresita Hew. ( Ithomia ) 111. Exot. Butt., iii, Ithomia, 24: 148, 1863 ; Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeit., xlviii, 200, 1903 (to Pteronymia) ; l.c., 1, 172, 1905 (to Episcada ) ; Seitz, 40: a5 ,J*, bl 52 (male genitalia Fig. 1). Ecuador, Colombia

Figure 1. 1. Hyalennq teresita, male genitalia, with aedceagus drawn sepa-

rately (1A) ; 2. H. maculata, male genitalia; 3. H. perasippe, male valve; 4. Dircenna lenea, female fore tarsus; 5. Hyalenna teresita, female fore tar- sus; 6. Dircenna jemina (genotype), female fore tarsus. All the figures are drawn to the same scale.

perasippe Hew. ( Ithomia ) Equat. Lep., v, 85, 1877 ; Haensch in Seitz Macrolep. World, v, 151, 39: e6, 1909 (to Episcada ) (male genitalia Fig. 3). Ecuador, Colombia

maculata Rober ( Episcada perasippa m.) Ent. Zeit. (Int. Ent. Ver.), xliv, 21, 1930.3 W. Colombia

2 The M-spur is shown in normal position in both Hewitson’s and Haensch ’s figures, but I believe I have the correct species. Still to satisfy the nomen- clatorial purists T formally cite as type perasippe as figured in this paper.

The original description is rudimentary, but mentions the white marginal spots. The male genitalia (Fig. 2) show it is a distinct species, and we have both from Pacho, Colombia.

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THE LENEA GROUP

Dircenna lenea (Fig. 4) and a few related species differ from jemina (the genotype) and several other species in lacking the four-segmented tarsus (Fig. 6), given as a chief character for the genus by both Schatz and Fox. But it should be noted that while

Figure 2. 7. Dircenna chloromeli, liolotype $ ; 8. D. chloromeli, allotype

$ ; 9. Dircenna rufa, liolotype $ .

jemina is doubtless validly chosen as the genotype, Doubleday in the original description gave the tarsus as five-segmented and included the lenea group.

For the moment I refer only to the species which have a black, tawny or smoky triangle in the cell instead of a transverse bar

Mar., 1942]

Forbes: Dircenna

41

(only faintly visible in $ methonella) , although some further spe- cies have the five-segmented tarsus. It is possible these should be transferred to Hyalenna. Bryk divided them erratically between Dircenna and Epithomia, putting xantho with its more familiar race methonella in the latter and hulda with them, though the remaining forms of lenea, and pulcheria remain in Dircenna. Perhaps this whole group should be transferred to Hyalenna, but on superficial structures it is a Dircenna. I have not studied pulcheria, which should belong here, and have seen nothing like hulda, which should be a suffused type, more extreme than a couple of females of lenea drogheda which we have from Vene- zuela. The residue will key as follows :

1. Abdomen with a subdorsal series of white spots; costal area of hind wing

below tawny, heavily defined below with black lenea

-. Abdomen dorsally wholly blackish, with subventral yellow or white stripes or spots only 2

2. Translucent area rather evenly dull tawny, contrasting with the black

borders and markings; tawny of under side of hind wing suffusing up

to costal edge rufa

Translucent area yellow or partly shaded with tawny ; costa of hind wing below black, with at least a couple of contrasting yellow or white spots (normally a basal yellow spot, a costal streak in male, and two white spots in female) xantho

This analysis puts a whole list of supposed “species” as mere races and varieties of lenea. In general there are two main types, a northern one with heavy tawny shadings, and no band across the hind wing and a Peruvian one without tawny but with heavy black markings on a honey-yellow ground, including a bar across hind wing at end of cell ; in the Amazon basin there is every possible intergrade, with a tendency to have the black and yellow pattern of the Peruvian form but with a tawny subterminal band on hind wing, sometimes visible only on the underside. The names for these three types are : 1, lenea, hulda, drogheda ; 2, zelie, epidero; signata and obfuscata belong to the Amazonian types with some submarginal orange. It may be possible to treat some further names as statistical races, e.g., drogheda normally has tawny subapically on the under side and very frequently suf- fused females, but even zelie and signata have a large blend zone on the middle Amazon (Maues) . I have seen a partly tawny form

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labelled zelie, but the original description calls for black and yellow only, and Bolivia is well out of the range of the tawny forms.

The xantho forms are very close to the lenea forms but can apparently be separated by the black abdomen; in their black and yellow phases ( zelie and methonella) they can also be sepa- rated by the costal pattern below, but we are not sure if this will hold of typical xantho. Methonella also lacks a densely scaled pale yellow submarginal bar in cell M3 of fore wing, which is rarely if ever absent in zelie, but according to the original de- scription this bar is present in xantho.

Dircenna rufa, new species

Head and thorax black, spotted above with white (yellow in typical lenea) ; back of thorax and base of abdomen dusted with yellow, the latter with short white subdorsal stripes, abdomen otherwise solidly smoky above (like xantho, unlike all lenea forms), beneath with thin yellow subventral stripes, much narrower than in tawny-marked phases of the other species. Antennae black, with yellow clubs.

Ground of wings translucent tawny, with some yellow scaling not producing any pattern, dominant over the tawny only at costa beyond cell and vaguely before outer margin, where lenea forms may have whitish scaling; markings black, not quite opaque ; a triangle resting on lower side of cell, a bar across upper angle of cell from costa at base of E to outer margin at Cu^ a little widened at upper and lower angles of cell, and widened triangularly at outer margin ; the space between it and costa filled with denser tawny scaling ; costa blackish above cell to i, then costal edge only black for a ways, but widening into the black apex. Outer margin narrowly black to Cux, then more widely to anal angle; inner margin black below Cu and Cu2; veins tawny except in the black borders where they are black, including the whole of A, the other veins partly scaled with black where they cross the black markings. Hind wing also transparent tawny, denser along the veins; borders black, fully scaled, the costa black down almost to the M-spur, beyond the cell almost to M2, then more narrowly postmedially but widening again to apex, narrowing to half as broad on outer margin in cell M3 and very broad from there to anal angle, with a cusp running half way in to cell along Chu; mdcv contrasting, tawny, cutting the costal black, the other veins concolorous. Under side simi- lar, the black everywhere more restricted, fore wing with three st. spots at apex, preceded by a tawny dot in fork of E4_5, the triangle in cell wanting; hind wing without any blaclc border above cell, there being only a black bar in base of cell, and the black costa starting at end of cell; outer border with three white dots at apex and four on inner margin, the one in cell M3 missing. Expanse 65 mm.

Mar., 1942]

Forbes: Dircenna

43

Rioja, Moyobamba, Peru, 1 J type in Cornell University col- lection.

This species may be related to pulcheria Hew., but the latter as described has much more complicated markings, suggesting rather a form of lenea.

The following species looks much like a lenea form, but shows the normal four-segmented tarsus and black bar across the cell of typical Dircenna. The tawny border especially suggests lenea, but shows no sign of the restriction or interruption in cell M3. It looks at first glance like a Eutresis or a Ceratinia.

Dircenna chloromeli, new species

Male fore tibio-tarsus hairy at tip as in normal Dircenna, in one of the two specimens half as long as femur, in the other normal; female with the usual swollen base of tibia, frequent in Dircenna. Male hind wing with simple pencil, female with Sc and R closely parallel half length of cell, then connected.

Head as well as body spotted with yellow, even with some yellow scaling of coxae and palpi; abdomen smoky above, pale yellow and cream below.

Ground transparent, very pale yellow; fore wing as seen against a white background with a broad tawny costal stripe to end of cell, and dorsal stripe along base of Cu and out along Cu2, besides the extension of the veins; cell bar oblique, rather narrow, resting on R but not crossing cell, blackish; bar at end of cell blackish, extending \ way to margin in cell M2, down along m-cu, and out in vein-stripes along M3 and Cui to margin, followed by a solid yellow bar at costa, which lies wholly above Rs. Costa black, on the basal two thirds hardly more than the costal edge, but abruptly widening beyond the yellow pm bar, much widened over the apex, especially in the female, and con- tinued along outer margin, where it extends in on the veins. Inner margin blackish § way in to the cell, and up to Cu beyond the end of the tawny dorsal stripe, sometimes leaving the inner edge tawny; veins basally tawny around cell, including bases of M3, Cux and Cu2, but A and veins outwardly black. Hind wing with a broad tawny border extending a third way in to cell and inwardly edged with smoky, cell Ms not specially marked; margin blackish with the white submarginal spots of under side partly showing through ; veins mainly tawny with some yellow scales, but blackish about where they cross the black pattern-elements. Costa of male with a smoky streak below the usual sex-scaling, female with the tawny border extending around apex almost to end of cell, the rest of costa umber down almost to M2 and the M-spur, where it is edged with orange.

Against a dark background part of the translucent ground shows as smoky, leaving the yellow in cell as two separate patches, two rows of spots beyond

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cell, the pm. ones large and fused, the st. ones smaller with the one in cell R5 sometimes absent and that in M2 more or less completely fused with the post- medial one, only a narrow streak in cell M3 and the patch in Cux also not nearly filling its cell; hind wing also showing a broad smoky stripe between the yellow disc and the fully scaled border. Under side much the same, fore wing with three or four triangular terminal white spots, hind wing with a complete series much closer to the margin than usual in Dircenna, narrowly defined with black, the terminal being a mere line; costa broadly tawny but with a complete black stripe between it and cell.

Para, Brazil, type male and paratypes male and female in Cor- nell University collection.

It is hard to believe so striking a species has been overlooked, but I cannot find a description of it. It could possibly be taken for a Oeratinia or even a Pteronymia.

Mar., 1942]

Dalmat: Cuterebrid^e

45

A NEW PARASITIC FLY (CUTEREBRIDiE) FROM THE NORTHERN WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE

By Herbert T. Dalmat New York City

In 1939 at Ames, Iowa, Peromyscus leucopus novel) or acensis (Fischer) was found to act as host of cuterebrid larvae. To learn more about this infestation the author carried on extensive trap- ping of the mouse at Ames between the months of August and November in 1940 and 1941. A fly reared from larvae taken from these mice proved to be the new species described below.

In 1940 there was an infestation of 38 per cent between Sep- tember 15 and November 2, and in 1941 the percentage was even higher.* The first stage larvae probably enter such part of the host as happens to be most convenient. Emasculation was en- countered in more than 75 per cent of the cases probably because the scrotal skin is thin and is more apt to come in contact with the eggs or larvae which, in the writer’s opinion, are deposited on the nesting material of the mouse or on the foliage around the burrows.

Cuterebra peromysci new species.

Male (Holotype)

Length, 15.3 mm. Maximum width of abdomen, 6.2 mm. Mesonotum 4.6 mm. wide; scutellum 2.8 mm. wide, 1.5 mm. long.

Width of cephalic capsule through vertex, 5.4 mm. Distance between eyes at vertex, 1.1 mm. (Ratio 5 to 1.) Outer ocellar triangle raised above level of front. Antennal grooves together forming an oval depression, 1.7 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, completely circumscribed, divided down the center by a carina. Carina concave when viewed in profile. Antennal grooves covered with silvery pollen except on ventro-lateral regions which are strongly shining and almost black. Antennae and aristae brown. Antennae covered in part by silvery pollinosity ; a cluster of white hairs on both first and second antennal segments. Aristae ciliate above, with two hairs below on the distal end.

* Dalmat, Herbert T. Infestation of the Northern White-footed Mouse with a New Species of a Parasitic Fly (Cuterebridae) and Notes on Other Ectoparasites. Unpublished paper, 1941.

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Cheek grooves deep. Entire head below cheek grooves white pollinose* and covered with white hair except for two shining areas, a brown one on lower margin of eye and a larger black one about midway between it and mouth. White pollinosity of buccse extending slightly up the parafacials. Frontal vitta, ocellar triangle, and facial ridge covered with grayish-white pollen. Parafacials, parafrontals, and outer ocellar triangle dark brown and shining; black hairs sparsely covering these areas as well as the frontal vitta and vertex, the hairs more dense on vertex and dorsal region of para- frontals bodering outer ocellar triangle. Oral aperture arch-shaped, the apex at anterior end.

Four white pollinose areas on each side of head. Lowest area in the form of a triangle on parafacial just dorsad to cheek groove, contiguous with inner margin of eye, and continuous with pollen of bucca. Upper three areas forming a triangle, two spots contiguous with inner margin of eye, the small third one near dorsal limit of ptilinal suture. Uppermost spot contiguous with, and extending parallel to, margin of eye between facial depression and vertex; the one below it immediately dorsad and parallel to ridge running laterad from ptilinal suture almost to eye. Occiput completely white pol- linose, clothed with white hairs.

Thorax black above with grayish bloom, subopaque; black hairs on dorsal surface approximately 0.5 mm. long, the distance between adjacent hairs about 0.05 mm. Pleura covered by white pollinosity and dense, long, white hairs, the length of hairs about 0.9 mm. A small cluster of black hairs near anterior dorsal corner of mesopleuron; two dark brown shining areas above insertion of anterior coxae. Legs clothed with black pubescence except for narrow band of white hairs running down outside of femora of forelegs; entirely lacking pollinosity. Pulvilli fuscous.

Abdomen iridescent blue. First segment destitute of pubescence except for single row of white hairs on anterior margin and row of black hairs on posterior margin ; entirely covered with faint white pollen.

Second, third, and fourth abdominal segments with white pollen in wide, irregular bands on dorsa, mainly on anterior margins, extending to lateral regions of abdominal segments and ventrally to the borders of the tergites. Pollinosity not symmetrical, interrupted by dark brown shining areas. Hairs on dorsa of these segments black; those on second segment long and slender, increasing in length from the median-dorsal line to the lateral regions, at least twice as long and more flexuous than those on third and fourth segments. Hairs of third and fourth segments approximately 0.2 mm. long, somewhat stiff.

Fifth segment completely encircled by dense white pollen and white hairs except for round, dark, shining areas as on second, third, and fourth segments. Strongly shining black band at extreme posterior margin of segment. White hairs of fifth segment 0.34-0.4 mm. long.

* The pollinosity on Cuterebra species is often masked by oil exuding from the bodies. The author found that emersion in chloroform removed the oil from the flies, permitting the actual colors to be seen.

Mar., 1942]

Dalmat: Cuterebrid^e

47

Long white hairs on lateral margins of tergites of fourth and fifth segments.

Sixth segment with sparse white pubescence. Gray pollen in band on posterior border and elsewhere in irregular patches. Microscopic hairs composing pollen longer and slenderer than those composing pollen on other parts of body. Sixth segment well hidden beneath fifth, surrounding gentalia.

Sclerites surrounding genitalia covered with white hairs. Sternites with gray pollinosity and long black hairs.

After studying the descriptions of the known cuterebrids and examining several species in the collection of Myron H. Swenk,* the author finds that the species described above is in the fonti- nella group and is most closely related to Cuterebra fontinella Clark and C. fasciata Swenk.

C. peromysci is distinguished from fontinella, as described by Clark in 1827, by having all the abdominal segments strongly pol- linose on the dorsal as well as on the lateral areas, while the ab- domen of fontinella is pollinose only on the last two segments.

C. peromysci differs from the specimen determined by Swenk as fontinella by the pollinosity and pubescence of the abdomen and legs, the hairs of the pleura, and the pubescence of the head. In fontinella the lateral areas of the third and fourth abdominal segments and the entire fifth segment are white pollinose, while in peromysci all the abdominal segments bear pollen on the dorsal as well as on the lateral areas. The pubescence on the abdomen of fontinella is slightly shorter than that on peromysci. The legs of fontinella are sparsely invested with pollen and lack a band of white hairs on the outside of the anterior femora. There is no cluster of black hairs on the pleura of fontinella. The pubes- cence on the parafacials, parafrontals, face, and frontal vitta of peromysci is entirely black while that on the same areas of fonti- nella has several white hairs intermixed.

C. peromysci is definitely distinguished from the holotype (male) of fasciata Swenk by the following characteristics: C. fasciata significantly more massive than peromysci. Pollen ab- sent on the antennae of fasciata, present only on the extreme lower part of the head below the eyes, not extending up the para-

* The writer desires to express his appreciation to Mrs. Myron H. Swenk for permitting him to examine the cuterebrid collection of the late Professor Myron H. Swenk.

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facials as in peromysci. Pubescence on the parafrontals, para- facials, and frontal vitta of fasciata composed mainly of black hairs interspersed with many white ones. Facial depression of fasciata not circumscribed below but prolonged into a shiny, brown, elevated area. No pollinose area near the dorsal limit of the ptilinal suture nor any contiguous with the eye between the facial depression and the vertex. Cheek grooves shallow. Outer ocellar triangle not raised as in peromysci. No black shiny spot on the lower margin of the eye nor between it and the month. Hair on the pleura noticeably shorter than on peromysci , no cluster of black hairs on the mesoplenron. Pollen clothing only the fifth abdominal segment and completely encircling it. Lat- eral margins of the fourth and fifth abdominal tergites without long white hairs.

Type in collection of author. Reared from larva taken by author from Peromyscus leucopus novel) or acensis, October, 1940, at Ames, Iowa. Adult emerged June 1, 1941.

First Instar Larva.

Length, 4.2 mm. ; width, 3.2 mm. Body tapering toward ante- rior end; anal segment blunt. Twelve segments visible; trans- verse band of spines on anterior margins of all but first segment, barely discernible on third and fourth segments. Bands wider on ventral surface, with more spines and more rows per band than on dorsal surface. Segments 2 and 5 with narrow bands of spines. Segments 6-12 with bands of about equal width; these bands wider than those on second and fifth segments.

Spines of segments 2, 5, and 6 all pointing posteriorly; other clearly visible bands composed of both anteriorly and posteriorly directed spines, the spines composing front of band directed anteriorly, those of rear portion of band directed posteriorly.

Caudal extremity of maggot ending in a single flat lobe, strongly emarginated, projecting beyond spiracles. Posterior spiracular plate on depressed portion of twelfth segment ; each spiracle ending in two slits similar to those of second instar.

Above description based on one specimen taken from a cyst located just anterior to scrotum of host. Larva examined with- out clearing or mounting. Six other cysts in same mouse mostly around inguinal area.

Mar., 1942]

DALMAT: CUTEREBRIDiE

49

Second Instar Larva.

Body white, elongate ; average length, 9.5 mm., greatest width, 3 mm. Segments covered with noncontiguous, flattended scales, some spinose.

Apparent head segment actually two, the cephalic segment very small. Spines ventral to mouth fitting into fold at junction between first and second segments. A number of small spines grouped dorsally on median part of first segment. A dorsal row of spines on each side of second segment extending anteriorly, curving over front of segment 2, then passing ventrally on each side of segment 1.

Segments 3-12 clothed with dark, sharp, single-pointed spines. Anterior margins of segments 3-12 with bands of posteriorly di- rected spines, the number of spines in each band increasing poste- riorly until eighth segment, then decreasing. Spines of anterior row of each band broad ; length and width gradually decreasing toward posterior rows of each band. Segment 5 bearing 4 dorsal spines in transverse row near middle of segment. Segment 3 with 3 ventral spines in medial row. Segment 10 bearing on venter 2 groups, each composed of 7-8 small spines, antero-laterad to middle, and interspersed with other spines of segment.

Segments 5-11 also bearing anteriorly directed spines on dor- sal surface; segments 8-11 with similar spines on ventral surface. Segment 5 with row of 8 dorsal spines anteriorly directed on median part of posterior border. Dorsa of segments 6-11 with 1-4 rows of anteriorly directed spines on posterior borders. On ventral surface 1-3 rows of anteriorly directed spines on posterior margins of segments 8-10 ; 5-8 rows on venter of segment 11, in- creasing to 9-10 rows on the lateral area. Segment 12 well armed with anteriorly directed spines radiating at all angles and com- pletely encircling segment.

Twelfth segment truncate with rounded anal lobe on each side of anus. Posterior spiracles on plates at apex of twelfth seg- ment; each spiracle composed of two slits, the inner one rather straight; the outer one, somewhat serpentine, may be divided into two separate divisions. Spiracular slits lined with small hairs. Length and width of each spiracular plate, 0.12 mm. and 0.18 mm., respectively. Anterior spiracles internal, seen as inconspicuous openings on each side and at base of segment 2.

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Cephalo-pharyngeal mechanism shown on Plate III. Length of cephalo-pharyngeal mechanism, 1.1 mm.

Description of second instar larva made from observation of 4 larvae, 2 dissected and prepared on slides, the others examined in alcohol.

Third Instar Larva.

Length of mature larva, 20-25 mm. ; width, 7. 5-7. 8 mm., widest between sixth and eighth segments, tapering toward both ends ; weight, 0.83-0.98 gm. Larva coriaceous with imbricated, hollow, tnbercled spines arming segments. Spines light in color on immature larvae, dark brown on mature ones.

Head segment small, generally partially retracted. Oral hooks usually protruding from ventrally located mouth opening. Two large anterior lobes with small sensory tubercles separated from each other by median longitudinal furrow. Several rows of small, single-tubercled to 4-tubercled spines fitting into ventral groove-like structure between first and second segments. Some spines on second segment flattened and scale-like, others on segment 2 pointing posteriorly.

Number of rows of spines on segments 3-9 increasing poste- riorly, decreasing slightly on segments 10 and 11. Rounded ele- vations bearing sensory tubercles at irregular intervals among spines. Spines on posterior portion of segments 3-11 pointing anteriorly, mostly single, few multifid. Spines of middle region of each segment flattened and scale-like, any tubercles present facing upward. First 4-6 rows of spines on each segment re- trorse, many multifid. Multifid condition occurring mainly on the anterior 2 rows of spines of each segment, the number of tubercles decreasing in posterior rows. Some trifid and 4-tuber- cled spines found on third, fourth, and fifth rows of spines of each segment. Few simple spines on twelfth segment. Largest spines 0.36-0.41 mm. from base to apex; width at base, 0.25-0.30 mm.

Openings to anterior spiracles on each side near base of second segment, 0.98 mm. long, 0.4 mm. wide. Spiracles everted during formation of puparium. Posterior spiracular plates occupying central part of twelfth segment, kidney-shaped, 0.91 mm. long,

Mar., 1942]

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51

0.33 mm. wide, each perforated by three markedly sinuous slits, lined on entire periphery with fine hairs which might act as fil- ters. Plates darker and division between them less distinct in mature larva. Twelfth segment retracted in preserved speci- mens, lighter in color than rest of integument. Large round anal lobe on each side of anal opening.

Paired mandibular sclerites exposed anteriorly and ventrally at extreme anterior part of cephalo-pharyngeal mechanism ; scle- rites curving ventrally within thoracic segments and tapering toward ventral articulations for the muscles moving hooks. Paired dentate sclerites articulating with bases of mandibular sclerites. Hypostomal sclerites articulating with dentate sclerites anteriorly and with pharyngeal sclerites posteriorly. Transverse bridge crossing hypostomal sclerites on ventral side ; a small fora- men through middle of hypostomal bridge. Pharyngeal sclerites divided into paired dorsal and ventral cornua. Entire cephalo- pharyngeal mechanism 2.5 mm. long. Paired chitinous structure of unknown function lying parallel and ventral to mandibular hooks.

Above description made from examination of 16 larvae just before pupation. Several were cleared, the various parts mounted ; others examined in alcohol. The usual method of treat- ing the integument with KOH until sufficiently bleached re- moved tubercled spines, only flattened scales remaining. Leav- ing the integument in KOH for a relatively short time, dehy- drating, then clearing in glycerin and mounting in glycerin jelly obviated this difficulty.

PUPARIUM.

Puparium black, consisting of dried and much hardened larval skin.

Average length, width, and weight determined from 14 pu- paria, 19 mm., 9.1 mm., and 0.73 gm., respectively. Distinct loss of weight evident in formation of puparium from third instar larva ; a more spherical shape also assumed, probably preventing excessive loss of water during winter.

Stouter in middle and posterior, widest at seventh and eighth segments. Ten segments distinctly visible, the cephalic and spiracular segments retracted so that they are not seen. At fold

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between segments 2 and 3, two light brown, column-like tubercles project from the integument which are the everted anterior spir- acles of third instar larva. Entire puparium clothed with imbri- cated spines displaying tuberculation as in third instar larva.

During emergence of fly, the dorsa of the first 5 segments de- tach perfectly in single piece or cap. Puparium lined with thin, white, silken membrane.

Plate III

Upper : Lateral view of right half of cephalo-pharyngeal mechanism of third instar larva of Cuterebra peromysci; dc, dorsal cornu; vc, ventral cornu; h, hypostomal sclerite; da, dorsal arch; d, dentate sclerite; m, mandi- bular hook; natural length, 2.5 mm.

Lower: Left — Group of three spines from second instar larva; greatly en- larged. Eight — Group of spines from third instar larva, showing multifid spines and flattened scale; greatly enlarged.

(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol L

(Plate III)

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[Yol. L

Plate IV

Anterior view of head segments of third instar larva; A. sp, anterior spiracle ; an. pr, antennal prominence ; g, cephalic or first segment ; st, sensory- tubercle; sh, sheath over mandibular hook; mu. s, multifid spines; m, mandi- bular hook; greatly enlarged.

(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol L

(Plate IV)

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Plate Y

Upper: Cephalic segments of third instar larva viewed from within; lib, hypostomal bridge; h, hypostomal sclerite; tr, trachea; a. sp, anterior spiracle; vc, ventral cornu; dc, dorsal cornu; f, second segment; g, first segment ; an. pr, antennal prominence ; m, mandibular hook ; greatly en- larged.

Lower: Chitinous structure of unknown function found beneath the mandi- bular hooks, lying parallel to them ; greatly enlarged.

(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. L

(Plate V)

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Plate YI

Upper: Posterior view of eleventh and twelfth segments of third instar larva, showing the posterior spiracular plates and the spiracles; st, sensory tubercle; p, peritreme; b, eleventh segment; but, button; pi, twelfth segment; sp. op, spiracular opening; an. 1, anal lobe; greatly enlarged.

Lower: Posterior view of twelfth segment of second instar larva, showing posterior spiracular plates and the spiracles; note that left spiracle is divided into three external apertures while the right is divided into only two; openings lined with hairs as in third instar; same parts as for above; greatly enlarged.

(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. L

(Plate VI)

Mar., 1942]

Funkhouser: Membracid.®

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SIX NEW CHINESE MEMBRACIDiE

By W. D. Funkhouser

Despite the unfavorable conditions for scientific work which now exist in China, the writer has continued to receive material from collectors in that country during the past two years.

This material has yielded six new species of Membracidae which are here described and figured as follows :

1. Tricentrus obesus sp. nov. (Fig. 1).

Large, robust, heavy-bodied, black, punctate, pubescent; suprahumerals heavy, curved, extending outward and upward; posterior process short, heavy, blunt, tectif orm ; tegmina uniformly bronze-brown with a white band showing through basal third; undersurface black.

Technical description :

Head subquadrate, wider than long, black, finely punctate, short golden pubescence ; base elevated and sinuate ; eyes mottled brown and gray ; ocelli small, pearly, inconspicuous, equidistant from each other and from the eyes and situated slightly above a line drawn through centers of eyes; inferior margins of genae rounded; clypeus twice as long as broad with a weak lobe on each side at base, extending for half its length below inferior margins of genae, tip broadly truncate.

Pronotum black, finely punctate, sparingly pubescent with short golden hairs; metopidium broader than high, almost vertical above the head; median carina strongly percurrent; humeral angles heavy, triangular and blunt; suprahumeral horns heavy, swollen, about as long as the distance between their bases, extending outward and upward, anterior margins curved, tips blunt; posterior process short, heavy, tricarinate, tectif orm, tip blunt and extending just to internal angles of tegmina; scutellum well exposed on each side.

Tegmina dark bronze-brown ; base coriaceous, punctate and pubescent ; a broad white patch just posterior to the coriaceous portion showing through a hyaline area ; tips blunt ; apical limbus very narrow ; five apical and two discoidal cells.

Undersurface of body black; legs simple, femora black, tibiae dark brown, tarsi light brown ; posterior trochanters armed with teeth.

Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 7.6 mm.; width between tips of suprahumerals 5.2 mm.

Type: female.

Described from five specimens, all females, one collected at Wong Sa Shui, S. Klangai, on July 8, 1936, three from Liung-

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Chon San, S. W. Funien, taken July 21, 1936, and one from Kwangtung collected July 13, 1934. Type and four paratypes in author’s collection.

This species resembles T. samai Funkh., another Chinese spe- cies, but is larger and differs in the size and shape of the supra- humerals.

2. Tricentrus purpureus sp. nov. (Fig. 2).

Large, robust, purplish-black, punctate, pubescent; suprahumerals short, blunt, extending directly outward ; posterior process heavy, acute, extending just beyond internal angles of tegmina; tegmina bronze-hyaline with base opaque black and punctate and with a large white spot just behind the base ; undersurface black.

Technical description :

Head subquadrate, twice as broad as high, purplish-black, finely punctate, densely pubescent; base weakly arcuate; eyes reddish; ocelli large, amber- colored, equidistant from each other and from the eyes and situated well above a line drawn through centers of eyes; inferior margins of genae sinuate, flanged and projecting slightly cephalad; clypeus extending for half its length below inferior margins of genae, tip blunt and rounded.

Pronotum purplish-black, coarsely punctate, sparingly pubescent; meto- pidium broader than high, almost vertical above the head; median carina faintly percurrent ; suprahumeral horns short, blunt, triquerate, about one- fourth as long as the distance between their bases, extending directly out- ward; posterior process heavy, tectiform, tricarinate, tip acute and reaching to a point just beyond internal angles of tegmina; scutellum well exposed on each side.

Tegmina bronze-hyaline; veins strong; base opaque, coriaceous and punctate; a large white spot showing through tegmina just behind coriaceous base ; apical limbus broad ; five apical and two discoidal cells.

Undersurface black; legs simple; femora, tibiae and tarsi black; hind trochanters armed with spines.

Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 8 mm.; width between tips of suprahumerals 4.7 mm.

Type: female.

Described from a single specimen taken on Cheung-chow Island near Hong Kong on May 9, 1940 by F. KoTo. Type in author’s collection.

This species is near T. fulgidus Funkh., but differs in being dull and punctate instead of smooth and shining.

3. Tricentrus taurus sp. nov. (Fig. 3).

Small, brown, punctate, very sparingly pubescent; suprahumerals small, sharp, spike-like, extending forward and outward; posterior process heavy,

Mar., 1942]

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weakly sinuate, tectiform, acuminate, extending well beyond internal angles of tegmina; tegmina uniformly light brown, wrinkled, translucent; under- surface brown.

Technical description :

Head subquadrate, roughly sculptured, black, finely punctate, sparingly pubescent with short golden hairs; base highly arcuate and weakly sinuate; eyes mottled light brown and dark brown; ocelli amber-colored, a little farther from each other than from the eyes and situated well above a line drawn through centers of eyes; inferior margins of genae rounded; clypeus extending for half its length below inferior margins of genae, tip rounded and pilose.

Pronotum golden brown, finely punctate, weakly pubescent; metopidium broader than high, a large black callosity above each eye; median carina weakly percurrent; humeral angles large, triangular and blunt; suprahumeral horns small, spike-like, triquerate, about as long as the distance between their bases, extending outward and forward, tips sharp; posterior process robust, tectiform, slightly arcuate above dorsal line of pronotum, tip acuminate and extending well beyond internal angles of tegmina; scutellum widely exposed on each side.

Tegmina light brown, wrinkled, translucent; base narrowly opaque, cori- aceous, punctate and pubescent; veins weak; apical limbus narrow; five apical and two discoidal cells.

Undersurface of body brown; legs simple; femora, tibiae and tarsi light brown ; tibiae pilose ; hind trochanters bearing small teeth on inner surface.

Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 4.8 mm. ; width between tips of suprahumerals 3.5 mm.

Type: female.

Described from a single specimen collected by Mr. L. Gressitt on July 27, 1938 at Gang-kou, Southwest Fukien in South China. Type in author’s collection.

4. G-argara nodulata sp. nov. (Fig. 4).

Small, black, punctate, pubescent; eyes white; posterior process short and strongly sinuate; tegmina hyaline with bases broadly black, a brown band before apex and with the veins decorated with large nodules; undersurface black; legs brown.

Technical description :

Head subquadrate, black, shining, finely punctate, sparingly pubescent; base highly sinuate and arcuate ; eyes white, transparent ; ocelli amber- colored, twice as far from each other as from the eyes and situated well above a line drawn through centers of eyes: inferior margins of genae straight; clypeus broad, extending for half its length below inferior margins of genae, tip broadly rounded.

Pronotum black, finely punctate, weakly pubescent ; metopidium broader than high, sloping above the head; humeral angles large, blunt, triangular;

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no suprahumerals ; median carina faintly percurrent ; posterior process short, heavy, blunt, strongly sinuate, not reaching the apical angles of tegmina; scutellum well exposed on each side.

Tegmina hyaline; base broadly opaque, black and punctate; a brown transverse band before apex; veins bearing large tubercular nodules; apical limbus well developed; five apical and two discoidal cells.

Undersurface of body black; legs uniformly brown; hind trochanters unarmed.

Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 3.6 mm.; width between humeral angles 1.8 mm.

Type: male.

Described from two males, both collected by L. Gressitt at Tai- yong, East Kwantung, China, on August 5, 1936. Type and paratype in author’s collection.

The tegmina of this species are similar to those of G. nodipennis Funkh., but the insects are entirely different in the size and shape of the pronotum.

5. Gargara gressitti (Fig. 5).

Brown, punctate, pubescent ; eyes yellow ; posterior process strong, arcuate, tectiform, reaching just to internal angles of tegmina; tegmina uniformly clouded hyaline with base narrowly brown and punctate; undersurface and legs brown.

Technical description :

Head subquadrate, black, punctate, pubescent; base highly arcuate and weakly sinuate; eyes yellow; ocelli pearly, a little farther from each other than from the eyes and situated slightly above a line drawn through centers of eyes; inferior margins of genae rounded; clypeus broad, deflexed, ex- tending for half its length below inferior margins of genae, tip rounded and pilose.

Pronotum brown, finely punctate, sparingly pubescent with short golden hairs; metopidium broader than high, nearly vertical above the head, much darker in color next to the head, black lateral callosities above eyes; humeral angles broad, triangular, blunt ; median carina strongly percurrent ; no suprahumerals; posterior process heavy, tectiform, tricarinate, tip acute and just reaching internal angles of tegmina; scutellum well exposed on each side.

Tegmina uniformly clouded hyaline; base narrowly brown, coriaceous and punctate; veins strongly pilose; apical limbus narrow; five apical and two discoidal cells.

Undersurface of body dark brown; legs simple, light brown; hind tro- chanters unarmed.

Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 5.3 mm.; width betAveen humeral angles 2.5 mm.

Type: female.

Mar., 1942]

Funkhouser : Membracid^e

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Described from a single specimen collected at Hong San, South- east Kiangai, China, by Mr. L. Gressitt on July 25, 1936. Type in author’s collection.

6. Gargara tonkini sp. nov. (Fig. 6).

Very small; head black; pronotum golden brown, punctate, pubescent; eyes yellow; posterior process slender, triquerate, extending just to internal angles of tegmina; tegmina hyaline, base narrowly brown and coriaceous, a brown transverse band across middle, veins white; undersurface of body dark brown ; legs light brown.

Technical description :

Head subquadrate, black, finely punctate, densely pubescent with golden hairs; base weakly arcuate and sinuate; eyes yellow; ocelli large, pearly, conspicuous, farther from each other than from the eyes and situated well above a line drawn through centers of eyes; inferior margins of gense rounded; clypeus broad, black, extending for half its length below inferior margins of genae, tip rounded and pilose.

Pronotum bright golden brown, finely punctate, pubescent with long golden hairs; metopidium broader than high, rounded above the head, uni- formly golden brown; humeral angles heavy, triangular, blunt; no supra- humerals; median carina obsolete; posterior process slender, triquerate, tecti- form, concolorous brown, tip sharp and just reaching internal angles of tegmina; scutellum broadly exposed on each side.

Tegmina hyaline ; base narrowly brown, coriaceous and punctate ; a brown transverse fascia across middle; veins strong, white and sparingly pilose; apical limbus narrow; five apical and two discoidal cells.

Sides of thorax and undersurface of body dark brown; legs simple, light brown ; hind trochanters unarmed.

Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 3.5 mm.; width between humeral angles 1.8 mm.

Type: female.

Described from two specimens, both females and both taken at Tonkin, Indo-China, in 1937 by A. de Cooman. Type and paratype in author’s collection.

This species is close to G. flavipes Funkh., a small black form also from southern China and Indo-China.

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Figure 1 Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4, Figure 5. Figure 6.

Plate YII

Tricentrus obesus sp. nov. Tricentrus purpureus sp. nov. Tricentrus taurus sp. nov. Gar gar a nodulata sp. nov. Gar gar a gressitti sp. nov. Gar gar a tonlcini sp. nov.

(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol L

(Plate VII)

6

The

New York Entomological Society

Organized June 29, 1892 — Incorporated June 7, 1893 Certificate of Incorporation expires June 7, 1943

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Vol. L

No. 2

JUNE, 1942

c

Journal

of the

New York Entomological Society

Devoted to Entomology in General

Edited by HARRY B. WEISS

Publication Committee

HARRY B. WEISS EDWIN W. TEALE

HERBERT F. SCHWARZ E. L. BELL

Subscription $3*00 per Year

Published Quarterly by the Society N. QUEEN ST. AND McGOVERN AVE.

LANCASTER, PA.

NEW YORK, N. Y.

1942

\CO

CONTENTS

Notes on Ecuadorian Butterflies, II. Papilio

By F. Martin Brown 123

Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-Flies (Tipulidae, Diptera), XIV

By Charles P. Alexander 135

Electron Micrographs of Insect Tracheae

By A. Glenn Richards, Jr. and Thomas F. Anderson 147 Notes on Cicadas with Descriptions of New Species

By William T. Davis 169

Dating the Systema Entomologiae, By Fabricius and Papil- lons Exotiques, Volume I, By Cramer

By William P. Comstock 189

Book Review 192

The Wing of Mastogenius (Coleoptera)

By Wm. T. M. Forbes 193

Notes on the Genus Seioptera Kirby (Otitidae, Diptera)

By Samuel C. Harriot 195

For More Clarity in Entomological Writing

By Osmond P. Breeland 199

Abdominal Glands of Hesperiinae

By V. G. Dethier 203

In Memory of Charles Schaeffer

By Wm. T. Davis 209

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 211

NOTICE: Volume L, Number 1, of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society was published on March 4, 1942.

Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of August 24, 1912.

Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103. Act of October 3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.

JOURNAL

OF THE

New York Entomological Society

Vol. L June, 1942 No. 2

NOTES ON ECUADORIAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. PAPILIO*

By F. Martin Brown Colorado Springs, Colorado

Of the fifty-six species of this group of butterflies reported in Rothschild & Jordan (Nov. Zool., xiii, pp. 411-745, 1906) we have thirty-six and one other, not listed from Ecuador, in this monograph. At no time was collecting emphasis made upon the group. Since it has been a collector’s favorite for so long we did not feel that we could spare the time from less well-known groups for such emphasis. Our collecting was restricted to a narrow east-west band across the Andes in the central part of the country. The material reported upon here represents in reality three field collections, one made by Wm. Clarke-Mac- intyre and Eugene Schilling at Balzapamba and Playas de Mont- alvo at the western foot of the Andes in April-June, 1938, our own collection made in the Pastaza and the Upano valleys during 1938 and 1939, and that of David Laddey made at Santo Domingo de los Colorados and Palmar on the Pacific slope in 1940-41.

The only references given in this paper are to Rothschild & Jordan’s monograph which although thirty-five years old is still the standard work on South American Papilio.

When this paper was completed I sent it to Mr. R. C. Williams of Philadelphia for criticism in light of the Coxey collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences. Mr. Williams very kindly

* Part I appeared in the Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., xxxiv, p. 432-436, 1941.

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sent me considerable information which I have incorporated with my own notes. All references in the following discussions rela- tive to material in the Academy collections are based on Mr. Williams’ comments. I am grateful to him for these. This in- formation has not been incorporated in the table at the close of the paper. It would not affect it in any major way.

17. P. pizzaro Staudinger (p. 452). I took two females at Puyo, 1000 m., Napo-Pastaza 3, 7.xii.38, that are apparently of this species. They are clearly neither chabrias Hewitson, bolivar Hewitson nor cutorina Staudinger, species that might be expected and whose females are similar. If these are pizzaro the species ranges to the eastern foothills of the Andes in Ecuador.

20f. P. aeneas bolivar Hewitson (p. 457). In the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia (A.N.S.P.) there are 2 J'J', 2 52 from Mera, Napo-Pastaza ( Coxey ) ; 1 La Merced, Tungurahua ( Coxey ), and 4 J'J' 1 2 below Macas, Santiago-Zamora {Feyer).

23c. P. sesostris Cramer (p. 461-2). Although the nymo- typical race is not recorded in R. & J. from Ecuador we took specimens at Puyo, 1000 m., Napo-Pastaza, 14.xii.38, and on the Rio Tutenongoza, near Sucua, 900 m., Santiago-Zamora, 10.ii.39, and Macintyre has sent us a male from the Rio Jondachi near Archidona, 800 m. collected by the Olallas in November, 1939. Neither of the west slope parties turned up race tarquinius Bdv. Perhaps it does not fly south so far as central west Ecuador. R. & J. record it only from the northwestern part. In the A.N.S.P. there are 1 J1, 1 2 from Mera, Napo-Pastaza; 7 J'J', 1 2 La Merced, Tungurahua, and 2 J'J' ITda. La Mascota, Napo- Pastaza, collected by Coxey, and 4 1 2 below Macas, and 1 $

Macas, Santiago-Zamora, collected by Feyer.

24b. P. childrens oedippus Lucas, (p. 463). A single speci- men was taken at Sucua, 900 m., Santiago-Zamora, 6.ii.39. This is considerably to the south of any previous record. The speci- men lacks the light subapical spot on the forewing and the red on the hindwing is restricted to a brilliant dash between Cui and Cu2. There is a faint, small, rose-pink spot in the same space on the underside. The upperside is not unlike P. sesostris zestos but differs from that Central American insect in having the green patch on the forewing extend into the cell. Another male was

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taken by Laddey at Palmar, 200 m., Manabi, 4.iv.41. On tbis specimen, which like the first mentioned lacks the light spot on the forewing, the red marking on the hindwing is large and bold and the cell of the forewing is almost completely filled with green scales. There is a large red spot on the underside of the hindwing in this second specimen. It is possible that the east slope material is true oedippus and that the west slope material is worthy of a distinct name. This will only be shown by much more collecting on the west slope.

25a. P. erlaces lacydes Hewitson (p. 464). This is a very com- mon and rather variable form in the valley of the Rio Pastaza through the eastern foothills of the Cordillera Oriental. We took 38 and 4 22 in this region and only 3 $$ and 1 2 out of it. It was taken in practically every month of the year. Wet season specimens bear a greener patch on the forewings than do the dry season specimens. The number, size and shade of the red spots on the hindwing vary somewhat. The species seems to range from 1800 m., to 1000 m., in the humid forest. It is not found in the semi-arid region around Banos at 1800 m. One female and one male were taken at Puyo, in the Amazonian plain and two males were taken just out of the foothill region on the west bank of the Rio Upano, one at Sucua and one near Macas. None of our speci- mens has even a trace of a white spot on the forewing. The specimen from Ambato in Oberthiir’s collection noted by R. & J. is obviously from much lower down the Rio Pastaza. In the A.N.S.P. there are 2 <$$, 1 2 from La Merced, Tungurahua, and 32 cJ'J', 12 52 from Hda. Mascota collected by Coxey and 1 J', 1 2 from Macas collected by Feyer.

27. P. drucei Butler (p. 466). We took only two specimens of this species at Puyo, 1000 m., Napo-Pastaza, 12.xii.38. In the A.N.S.P. there are 1 2 from La Merced, Tungurahua, and 3 22 from Mera, Napo-Pastaza, collected by Coxey and a male from Hda. La Zatayacu, Rio Anzu, 600 m., Napo-Pastaza (Macintyre) . Macintyre has sent me a pair from Huagra-yacu, 900 m., Napo- Pastaza, 14.iii-12.v.41.

30c. P. vertumnus bogotanus Felder (p. 470). We did not take this species. Coxey took a male at the Hda. La Mascota, Napo-

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Pastaza, and 2 yy at La Merced, Tungurahua. These were deter- mined by Schaus. They are in the collection of the A.N.S.P.

31c. P. lycimenes paralius Rothschild & Jordan (p. 474). This species is represented by 3 yy from Balzapamba, 700 m., Bolivar, iv.38, and 3 22 from Playas de Juan Montalvo, 30 m., Los Rios, 15. iv.38., taken by Macintyre and Schilling, and 1 y, 2 22 taken at Palmar, 200 m., Manabi, by David Laddey in April & May, 1941. In the A.N.S.P. there are 15 yy, 6 from Naran- japata, 4 yy, 6 22 from Dos Puentes, and 1 y from Hda. Cutuguay, collected by Coxey ; a pair from Huigra (Rhoads) and a female from Balzapamba.

34d. P. iphidamus calogyna Rothschild & Jordan (p. 481). Macintyre and Schilling collected a fine series of this race at Balzapamba; 11 yy, 17 were taken in May and June, 1938, and 2 By, 1 2 were taken by them in April, 1938, at Playas de Juan Montalvo. Laddey took 2 yy and 2 near Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 500-550 m., Pichincha, in January and Febru- ary, and 2 yy, 3 §§ at Palmar, 200 m., Manabi, in April & Majr, 1941. I am not at all certain that I have correctly identified all the Balzapamba females. I took a female at Puyo, 1000 m., Napo- Pastaza, ll.xii.38, that seems in no way to differ from the calogyna I have from the west slope. If my determination is correct this is the first record of the species east of the Andes in Ecuador. In Colombia the race phalias R. & J. has been taken on the slopes east of Bogata. The females of these two races are very difficult to separate and without eastern Ecuadorian males I hesitate to include the race phalias R. & J. as the eastern form in Ecuador.

40. P. lysander Cramer (p. 492). We took three males at Puyo, 1000 m., Napo-Pastaza, on December 5 and 6, 1938. There are 2 yy from Hda. La Mascota, Napo-Pastaza (Coxey) , in the A.N.S.P. Macintyre took 4 yy, 3 22 at Huagra-yacu, 900 m., Napo-Pastaza, between 14.iii and 12.V.41.

45a. P. timias timias Doubleday (p. 507). Macintyre and Schilling took 10 yy and 2 at Playas de Juan Montalvo, 30 m., Los Rios, in April, 1938. Laddey took a y and a 2 at Santo Domingo de las Colorados, Pichincha, 550 m., 12.xii.40. Race potone R. & J. is more probably a northern race than an altitude race. The record for this latter race from Ambato given in

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R. & J. needs verification ; I doubt it very much. In the collec- tion of the A.N.S.P. are 6 1 5 Naranjapata, and 15 16 55

from Dos Puentes collected by Coxey and a male taken by Rhoads at Huigra.

51f. P. polydamus polydamus Linne (p. 520). Six specimens of this common species are in our Ecuadorian collections. 1 ,

2 55 were taken at Playas de Juan Montalvo, Los Rios, in March and April, 1938, by Macintyre and Schilling, another male was taken at Palmar, 200 m., Manabi, by Laddey on May 19, 1941, and two hail from the Amazonian slope, 1 J1 from Abitagua, Napo-Pastaza, 1300 m., Jan., 1937, taken by Macintyre and 1 <$ from Puyo, 1000 m., Napo-Pastaza, 7.xii.38, which Mrs. Brown captured. The east slope specimens differ from those from the west slope in a minor fashion. The limbal row of spots on the west slope specimens is bronzy while these spots on the hindwing of the east slope specimens is pale green. These rows are closer to the margin of the wings in the east slope specimens than in those from the west slope. The series is entirely inadequate to make a real comparison between east and west slope forms. Coxey collected a female at La Merced, Tungurahua (A.N.S.P.).

52. P. philetas Hewitson (p. 524). This common species is represented by ten specimens from the upper part of the rain forest in the valley of the Rio Pastaza. They were all taken by Macintyre ’s native collectors during August and September, 1938, at Yungilla on the Rio Blanco, a tributary of the Pastaza at 1800 m., a few miles east of Banos and out of the semi-arid area. In the A.N.S.P.. there are 11 J'J', 3 55 from La Merced, Tungu- rahua, and a male from Yungilla, Tungurahua, collected by Coxey, and 3 2 55 from Macas ( Feyer ).

56b. P. belus varus Kollar (p. 529). 7 J'J' were taken in the Amazonian plain near the foothills. Pour of these were captured by Macintyre at Jatunyacu, 700 m., Napo-Pastaza, in March, 1937 ; two at Puyo by the Browns, 7 and 15.xii.38, and one was purchased from the Olsons, missionaries at Sucua, Santiago- Zamora on the Rio Upano. Recently Macintyre sent me a male from Huagra-yacu, 900 m., 19.iii.41, two more from Bomboini- yacu, 900 m., and a fourth from the headwaters of the Rio Ara-

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juno, 1000 m., 30.iv.41. All these stations are north of Mera and southeast of the Rio Anzn.

59. P. crassus Cramer (p. 536-7). In a recent shipment from Macintyre there were two males of the form crassus differing from Rothschild and Jordon’s description in that the light scales on the forewing are old gold, not “ yellowish creamy.” These were taken at Huagra-yacu, 900 m., 9,iv.41, and Bomboini-yacu, 900 m., lO.v.41. Both stations are in the province of Napo- Pastaza.

60a. P. ajax americus Kollar (p. 541). I diverge from Roths- child & Jordan in calling this species ajax. They note that this name has priority but prefer the then more familiar polyxenes. This race is abundant in the cultivated valleys of the temperate parts of Ecuador. We took it as far east on the Pastaza as Rio Yerde, Tungurahua, at 1400 m., in the drier part of the sub- tropical region. It is quite variable. Its early stages were de- scribed by Brown in Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., XXXVIII, 200- 201, 1939. Some ninety bred specimens have been loaned to Chermock and are being studied along with the other races. Coxey collected this species at La Merced and Yungilla in Tungu- rahua and also at Hda. La Mascota, Napo-Pastaza. This last sta- tion is much further east than we took it. Coxey ’s 7 jy1 and 1 $ from that station leaves no doubt that this essentially temperate species will and does penetrate the tropics when its foodplant is available — cultivated white carrot, “zanohria blanca,” in this case. 28 $$ and 10 in the collection of the A.N.S.P. came from the above three stations.

66d. P. thoas neacles Rothschild & Jordan (p. 553). Laddey has sent me a single £ of this race from Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 500 m., Pichincha, l.i.41, and another from Palmar, 200 m., Manabi, 25.iv.41. The A.N.S.P. collection contains single males from Dos Puentes and Naranjapata, collected by Coxey.

66f. P. thoas cinyras Menetries (p. 560). I have a male from Puyo, 1000 m., Napo-Pastaza, May, 1937, taken by Macintyre, and another from Archidona, 800 m., xi.39, collected by the Olallas. In the A.N.S.P. are 11 from La Merced, Tungu- rahua (Coxey), and a female from Napo, Napo-Pastaza (Mac- intyre). There is also a male from Bucay, on the western slope

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in the territory of the preceding race. ft. C. Williams states that cinyras is considered a distinct species in the collection of the A.N.S.P. and certainly its markings seem quite distinct from thoas.

69b. P. paeon paeon Boisduval (p. 567). Macintyre and Schil- ling took 3 at Balzapamba, 630 m., Bolivar, during May and June, 1938. Coxey took this species in the valley of the Chanchan at stations ranging from about 400 m. to 2100 m. — 1 J', Dos Puentes, 6 £ J1, Huigra, 1200 m., 3 J'J', Huigra, 2100 m. In addi- tion to these the A.N.S.P. has a pair collected at Huigra by Rhoads.

77c. P. lycophron phanias Rothschild & Jordan (p. 575). We did not take this species. There is a female from Hda. Zatayacu, Rio Anzu, 600 m., Napo-Pastaza (Macintyre) in the A.N.S.P.

78b. P. androgeus androgeus Cramer (p. 579). Laddey took a male at Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 500 m., Pichincha, 2.i.41. I purchased a male at Sucua, 900 m., Santiago-Zamora, from the Olsons, missionaries stationed there who in the past have supplied some collectors with native collected material from that region. This specimen differs in several respects from the west slope specimen noted above. The specimen is larger, the dorsal streak on the abdomen much narrower, the spot in Sc3-Sc4 greatly reduced, the yellow discal band on the hindwings does not extend distally beyond the end of the cell and there is only a marginal row of crescentic areas of yellow scales on the hindwing. On the underside the dark limbal band, bearing the rows of burnt orange and bluish lunules, is much broader ; the cell of the forewing and the marginal band much broader and darker. I am not sure whether or not to designate this Sucua specimen race laodocus Fabricius or not. R. & J. report the race a. androgeus from N.W. Ecuador but not from eastern Ecuador although they have seen specimens from eastern Peru. In the collections of the A.N.S.P. there are 1 Hda. La Mascota, Napo-Pastaza, 2 Mera, Napo- Pastaza, collected by Coxey, and a male from Hda. La Zatayacu, Rio Anzu, 600 m., Napo-Pastaza (Macintyre) . These are deter- mined as f. feyeri Niepelt of which Williams writes me “doesn’t seem much different from typical androgeus from Peru, Para- guay, etc.”

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90. P. epenetus Hewitson (p. 604). Macintyre and Schilling collected 5 J'J' at Balzapamba, 630 m., Bolivar, May and June, 1938, and 1 g at Playas de Montalvo, 30 m., Los Rios, March, 1938.

95b. P. anchisiades anchisiades Esper. (p. 608). Macintyre and Schilling took 2 jy and 1 5 on the west slope. The males from Balzapamba, 630 m., Bolivar, May, 1938, vary somewhat, one of them approaching race idceus Fabricius in some respects. This specimen also has a very slight tail, the other is typical of anchisiades. The female, taken at Playas de Jnan Montalvo, 30 m., Los Rios, April, 1938, approaches those of idceus on the under- side of the forewing. There are 4 yy 2 collected by Feyer below Macas on the Rio Upano, Santiago-Zamora, in the A.N.S.P. I have a lone specimen from the humid jungles at the east foot of the Andes collected by Macintyre at Huagra-yacu, 900 m., Napo-Pastaza, 16.iii.41.

96c. P. isidorus flavescens Oberthiir (p. 611). I have three males of this form taken by Macintyre at Abitagua, 1300 m., Napo-Pastaza, in June, 1937. He also took at the same time a male that closely resembles race brises Rothschild & Jordan, and another in January of that year at the same station that is in- separable from brises. Since Rothschild & Jordan’s race came from “ Bogota” I suspect that these red-spotted isidorus did not come from the Rio Magdalena as they suggest, but from the eastern slope of the Andes in Colombia. If this is so these Abitagua specimens suggest that the Oberthiir ’s race is dichromic and that brises should be considered a form of flavescens rather than a race. The small size of the spots on the upperside of the hindwing lead me to believe that these red-spotted specimens are not the nymotypical race which flies in the south in S. E. Peru and Bolivia. Three males recently received from Macintyre from Huagra-yacu, 900 m., Napo-Pastaza, taken between 19.iii and l.iv.41 show exactly the same variation as do the Abitagua specimens. Two are typical flavescens , the other a brises.

102d. P. torpuatus leptalea Rothschild & Jordan (p. 620). Macintyre and Schilling took 2 yy on 26.V.38 & vi.38 at Balza- pamba and 1 y at Playas de Montalvo in April, 1938.

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102e. P. torquatus torquatus Cramer (p. 620). I took a single male at Macas, 1050 m., Santiago-Zamora, 26.i.39.

105. P. zagreus Donbleday (p. 624). This is another species that I do not have. Feyer sent the A.N.S.P. 17 ££ from below Macas on the Eio Upano and 2 J'.J' from Macas, Santiago-Zamora.

107c. P. bachus belsazar Niepelt. The Coxey collection in the A.N.S.P. contains a female from Cnsarci above Macas on the Rio Upano that Feyer collected. Macintyre told me of taking a speci- men just outside of Puyo which he sent to Frank Johnson.

115. P. aristeus bitias Godart (p. 643). I took three speci- mens, all males, at scattered localities on the eastern slope of the Andes ; Rio Blanco, nr. Banos, Tungurahua, 1800 m., 12.X.38, Rio Topo, Tungurahua, 1226 m., 28.ix.38, and Macas, Santiago- Zamora, 1050 m., 25.i.39. The obsolescents of the distal band on the upperside of the hindwing seems to increase with altitude.

119a. P. warscewiczi jelskii Oberthiir (p. 650). The Coxey collection in the A.N.S.P. contains a male from Cusarci above Macas on the Rio Upano (Feyer).

120a. P. cacicus cacicus Lucas (p. 652). A single male has been received from Macintyre. It was taken at Abitagua, 1200 m., ix.15.37. It is quite probable that the specimen reported by R. & J. from Ambato came from lower down the Rio Pastaza. A male from Macas, Santiago-Zamora (Feyer), is in the A.N.S.P.

121. P. euterpinus Godman & Salvin (p. 653). Coxey took this rarity (1 lC?) at Hda. La Mascota, Napo-Pastaza. There is another male from Macas collected by Feyer also in the A.N.S.P. Macintyre has taken one or two specimens in the Pastaza Valley near the Topo. These are in Frank Johnson’s collection.

125. P. phaon f. phaon Boisduval (p. 662). Laddey took a typical male at La Iorena, an hacienda about 15 km. east of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Pichincha, 550 m.

126d. P. euryleon haenschi Rothschild & Jordan (p. 665). Macintyre and Schilling took 2 at Balzapamba, 630 m., Boli- var, in April and May, 1938. Laddey has sent me a male from La Lorena, Pichincha, 550 m., l.iii.41, and a female from Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 500 m., Pichincha, 2.i.41. Coxey col- lected 7 J'J' at Dos Puentes and a pair at Naranjapata. These are

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in the collections of the A.N.S.P. where hcenschi is considered a good species and not a race of euryleon.

126e. P. euryleon anatmus Rothschild & Jordan (p. 666). Coxey took a male at Hda. La Mascota, Napo-Pastaza (A.N.S.P.) . This is considered a full species at A.N.S.P.

128c. P. harmodius xeniades Hewitson (p. 668). This race is common in the valley of the Rio Pastaza from Rio Blanco to Rio Topo. We collected 36 J'J' and 1 §. All but one male were taken in September, 1938 ; an equal period of collecting in March, 1939, yielded that single male. Nine of the males (25 per cent) have the spots on the hindwing, except the anal spot, buff or orange instead of red. The white submarginal bars are present in one third of the specimens. Only one specimen shows a white center in any of the red spots. The female is form Virginia Kirby. This is also given full specific rank in the collections of the A.N.S.P., where there are 10 $ 5 ?$, Hda. La Mascota, Napo-Pastaza, and 1 La Merced, • Tungurahua, among Coxey ’s collection. A female from Macas collected by Feyer in that collection was deter- mined as form Virginia Kirby by Fox. Macintyre ’s last shipment contained three males from Huagra-yacu, 900 m., Napo-Pastaza, 14.iii-9.v.41. One of these has orange spots.

129. P. trapeza Rothschild & Jordan (p. 669). I took a single male at Rio Blanco, 1000 m., a tributary of the Rio Upano about a half day’s walk south of Macas, 30.i.39. Coxey took a male at Hda. La Mascota, Napo-Pastaza (A.N.S.P.) .

148e. P. agesilaus autosilaus Bates (p. 706). We took six specimens at Puyo, 1000 m., Napo-Pastaza, ll-15.xii.38, and one at Sucua, 900 m., Santiago-Zamora, ii.39. Macintyre sent me five from the Jatunyacu, 700 m., taken in March, 1937, and one male from Huagra-yacu, 900 m., Napo-Pastaza, 14.iv.41. A fe- male from Hda. La Zatayacu, Rio Anzu, 600 m., Napo-Pastaza (Macintyre) , stands as a full species in the collection of the A.N.S.P.

149c. P. glaucolaus leucas Rothschild & Jordan (p. 706). Macintyre has sent me two specimens he caught on the Jatunyacu, 700 m., in March, 1937, and one from Rio Jondachi, nr. Archi- dona, 800 m., xi.39, taken by the Olallas.

150a. P. molops molops Rothschild & Jordan (p. 710). Lad-

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dey has sent me a specimen of this species from Palmar, 200 m., Manabi, 25.iv.41. It is mnch greener than P. protesilaus arche- silaus, smaller and with mnch heavier marginal and snbmarginal bands on the forewing.

151e. P. protesilaus archesilaus Felder (p. 717). Macintyre and Schilling took a single male at Balzapamba, 630 m., Bolivar, 23.V.38.

156b. P. telesilaus telesilaus Felder (p. 725). Dr. Edw. Hen- derson gave me a specimen that he collected at Pacaiyacn on the Rio Bobonaza in September, 1938.

157b. P. marchandi panamensis Oberthiir (p. 727). Laddey collected a single male at Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Pichincha, 500 m., 9.ii.41.

158a. P. thyastes thyastinus Oberthiir (p. 728). Macintyre collected a single male at Puyo, 1000 m., Napo-Pastaza in May, 1937.

162. P. leucaspis leucaspis Godart (p. 733). We took 2 jy at Hda. San Francisco, 1300 m., 20, 22.ix.38, 1 y, Rio Margajitas, 1250 m., viii.38; 1 y, Rio Topo, 1226 m., 30.ix.38, and received from Macintyre 1 y, Hda. La Palmera, nr. Rio Topo, 1200 m., vii.38. All of these stations are within a few miles of each other on the Rio Pastaza. Coxey took single males at each of La Merced, Tungurahua and Hda. La Mascota, Napo-Pastaza. These are in the collection of the A.N.S.P.

163. P. serville serville Godart (p. 736). Macintyre has sent me a series of 6 yy, 1 § from the Jatnnyacn, 700 m., taken in March, 1937. Coxey took 12 yy at Hda. La Mascota, Napo- Pastaza (A.N.S.P.) .

A breakdown of the faunal affinities of the Papilios found on the two sides of the Andes in Ecuador is interesting and shows how strongly the fauna of the Pacific littoral and foothills is influenced by the Central American fauna. This western area is at present little known and I do not doubt but that further collecting will tend to strengthen rather than weaken this affinity.

Comparing the two faunas we find that only 13 species are common to the two slopes, a matter of 22.8 per cent of the Papilios known to fly in Ecuador.

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	Eastern Ecuador	Western Ecuador	All Eucador
	No.	Per cent	No.	Per cent	No.	Per cent
Indigenous to Eucador	5	11.1	3	12.5	8	14.0
General neotropical species C.A. race S.A. race Special race	14 (0) (14) ( )	31.1 (0) (100) ( )	9 (9) (4) (3)	37.5 (22) (45) (33)	15	26.3

Andean			1	4.2	1	1.7
North American species	1	2.2	1	4.2	1	1.7
South American species	21	46.6	2	8.3	21	36.8
Central American species C.A. race Special race	4 (0) (4)	8.9 (0) (100)	8 (2) * (6)	33.3 (25) (75)	11	19.3
Total	45	99.9	24	100	57	99.8

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RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEOTROPICAL CRANE-FLIES (TIPULID^, DIPTERA), XIV

By Charles P. Alexander Amherst, Massachusetts

The preceding part under this general title was published in December, 1941 (Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 49: 345-356). The species discussed herewith are all from Ecuador and were collected in northwestern Ecuador (Manabi and Pichincha Provinces) by Mr. David B. Laddey and in Los Rios, Tungurahua and the Oriente by Mr. William Clark Macintyre and his co-workers. The types are preserved in my col- lection of these flies. I express my deepest thanks to Messrs. Lad- dey and Macintyre for their cooperation in making known the vast tipulid fauna of Ecuador.

Genus Ozodicera Westwood

Ozodicera (Ozodicera) multiermis new species.

General coloration brownish yellow, the praescutum with four ill-defined darker brown stripes that are very insensibly bordered by darker brown; wings yellowish brown, the prearcular and costal fields slightly more satu- rated; male hypopygium with the inner dististyle complex in structure, with three spinous arms.

Male. — Length about 22 mm.; wing 19.5 mm.; antenna about 5.8 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head brownish yellow above, darker laterally; nasus distinct; palpi black. Antennae with the basal nine segments obscure yellow, the terminal four simple segments black; flagellar branches slightly dusky. Head yellowish gray; eyes (male) large, the anterior vertex much reduced, about one-third the diameter of scape.

Pronotum brownish yellow. Mesonotal praescutum brownish yellow, with four ill-defined darker brown stripes that are very insensibly bordered by darker brown, especially the lateral stripes; remaining sclerites of notum chiefly yellow pollinose, the scutal lobes variegated by slightly darker brown. Pleura yellow pollinose, the ventral pleurotergite and sternopleurite more grayish pruinose. Halteres brown, the base of stem more yellowish, the knob darker brown. Legs with the coxae yellowish gray pruinose; trochanters obscure yellow; femora yellow, the tips narrowly brownish black; tibiae yel- lowish brown, the tips narrowly darkened; tarsi black. Wings yellowish brown, the prearcular and costal fields slightly more saturated; stigma long- oval, pale brown; veins brownish yellow. Venation: Cell M1 broadly sessile.

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Abdomen with basal tergite yellowish gray; succeeding tergites yellow, trivittate with brown, the latter becoming more extensive and restricting the ground color on the outer segments; sternites yellow; hypopygium yellow. Male hypopygium generally as in trispinifer but differing conspicuously in the structure of the ninth tergite and inner dististyle. Ninth tergite deeply notched medially, the lateral lobes thus formed slightly produced. Inner dististyle with three principal arms that are relatively slender, the outermost bearing a single lateral spine on margin. In trispinifer the tergite is very shallowly notched, the lateral lobes very low and obtuse ; inner dististyle with the details of structure entirely different.

Habitat. — Ecuador (Oriente).

Holotype, J', Rio Jatun Yacu (Macintyre).

The nearest relative of the present fly is Ozodicera ( Ozodicera ) trispinifer Alexander, likewise from Amazonian Ecuador, which differs especially in the structure of the male hypopygium, as described above.

Genus Tipula Linnaeus

Tipula (Nephrotomodes) auricularis new species.

Mesonotum grayish brown, without evident stripes; antennae (male) elon- gate, about two-thirds the length of wing; flagellum black, the segments long-cylindrical with poorly developed basal tubercles; wings with a weak brown tinge; stigma oval, dark brown; a restricted clouding along cord and outer end of cell 1st M2; vein E1+2 atrophied; male hypopygium with the outer dististyle large and conspicuous, shaped more or less like a dog’s ear; inner dististyle appearing as a slender rod, expanded at apex into a triangular head ; ninth sternite not or scarcely notched medially, the margin on either side of midline with a blackened bilobed structure that is densely covered with short erect setulae.

Male. — Length about 12 mm.; wing 11.5 mm.; antenna about 8 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head relatively short, obscure yellow above, dark brown beneath; nasus short and stout; palpi dark brown, the terminal seg- ment somewhat paler. Antennae (male) very long, approximately two-thirds the length of wing ; scape, pedicel and basal half of first flagellar segment yellow, the remainder black; flagellar segments long-cylindrical, with poorly developed basal tubercles; verticils less than one-half the length of segments; terminal segment reduced. Head obscure yellow; vertical tubercle lacking; anterior vertex of moderate width, approximately twice the greatest diameter of scape. ,

Mesonotal prsescutum and scutum grayish brown, without evident stripes, the scutellum and postnotum a very little paler; vestiture of praescutum very short and sparse. Pleura obscure yellow, the ventral sternopleurite and meron

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restrictedly darker; dorsopleural membrane light yellow. Halteres with stem dusky, yellow at base, knob infuscated. Legs with coxae obscure brownish yellow or grayish yellow; remainder of legs broken. Wings with a weak brownish tinge, the prearcular field and cells C and Sc slightly darker brown; stigma large, oval, dark brown; restricted dark seams on anterior cord and outer end of cell 1st M2; a more conspicuous dark seam on m-cu; more cream- colored areas before and beyond stigma; wing tip vaguely more darkened; veins brown. Venation: H1 + 2 more or less atrophied, in both wings of type preserved as a short weak detached element at costa, the remainder lacking; tip of vein M3 atrophied ; cell 2nd A moderately wide.

Abdominal tergites and sternites yellow or brownish yellow, the caudal mar- gins of the segments broadly brownish black, the basal portion of tergite two similarly darkened ; segments seven and eight, with the caudal border of six more uniformly blackened; hypopygium yellow. Male hypopygium with the tergite separate from sternite; ninth sternite without a median incision, as usual in the genus, the caudal border truncate; on either side of the median line with a blackened bilobed structure, separated by a very deep and narrow U-shaped notch, the lobules unequal, each densely set with short erect setulse. Ninth tergite with caudal margin gently and evenly emarginate; from be- neath an elevated rim project two conspicuous lobes, these separated from one another by a U-shaped notch; lobes obliquely truncated, set with abundant short blackened pegs. Outer dististyle large and conspicuous, shaped more or less like a dog’s ear, expanded on basal half, narrowed to the subacute tip; at base on mesal margin with a recurved glabrous flange ; surface of mesal face with abundant long setse. Inner dististyle of unusual shape, appearing as an elongate rod that is expanded at apex into a dusky triangular head, provided with several conspicuous setae, the stem narrowest just before the expanded portions.

Habitat. — Ecuador (Manabi).

Holotype, J', Palmar, Playones, altitude 150 meters, May 15, 1941 (Laddey).

Tipula ( Nephrotomodes ) auricularis is entirely different from other regional species of the subgenus having a weak wing pat- tern, including T. (A.) icasta Alexander, T. (A.) infida Alex- ander, and T. (A.) luctifica Alexander, by the very distinctive male hypopygium. The subgenus Nephrotomodes Alexander (type, smilodon Alexander) was only recently proposed to in- clude a host of species in Tropical America.

Tipula notoria new species.

Belongs to the glaphyropiera group; size small (wing, male, 13 mm. or less) ; general coloration gray, the prsescutum with four entire dark brown stripes; antennse (male) relatively long, virtually simple, flagellum beyond

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the basal segment black ; halteres elongate, yellow throughout ; femora with a dark brown subterminal ring, the extreme tip yellow; wings handsomely patterned with creamy white, yellow, pale brown and dark brown, the yellow including a conspicuous area at arculus and the interspaces of cell Sc; B1+2 atrophied; abdomen brown, the more basal segments paler, the outer seg- ments, including hypopygium, black; male hypopygium with the tergite pro- duced caudad into conspicuous yellow sublateral ears; ventro-caudal lobe of basistyle very small, subglobular; eighth sternite unarmed.

Male. — Length about 9-10 mm.; wing 12-13 mm.; antenna about 4-4.2 mm.

Female.- — Length about 13 mm.; wing 13.5 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head dark brown, nasus distinct ; palpi black. Antennae (male) relatively long, as shown by measurements; scape and pedicel yellow; first flagellar segment brownish yellow, remainder of flagellum black; flagellar segments cylindrical, the basal enlargements not or scarcely devel- oped; verticils shorter than the segments, the longest series unilaterally ar- ranged ; terminal segment reduced to a tiny thimble. Head obscure yellow in front, passing into brownish gray behind ; vertical tubercle very low and small.

Pronotum dark brown, variegated sublaterally with buffy. Mesonotal praescutum light gray, with four distinct dark brown stripes; posterior sclerites of notum dark brownish gray, the scutal lobes conspicuously varie- gated with dark brown. Pleura light gray, variegated with darker on ventral anepisternum, ventral sternopleurite and meron ; dorsopleural membrane buffy. Halteres elongate, obscure yellow throughout. Legs with the coxae gray pruinose; trochanters obscure yellow; femora pale brown with a dark brown subterminal ring, preceded and followed by clearer yellow, the apical area narrower; tibiae yellowish brown, the tips weakly and narrowly dark- ened ; tarsi dark brown. Wings creamy white and pale brown, the prearcular and costal portions variegated with darker brown and light yellow; cell C brown; cell Sc yellow, with four dark brown areas that are less extensive than the interspaces; post-stigmal brightening very variable in degree, in the male sex very restricted, in the female larger and more extensive; major white areas in cells B, Bly M, Cu and 1st A; a conspicuous yellow area at arculus, completely surrounded by brown markings ; veins dark brown, excepting those in the yellow areas where they are of this color. Venation: B1+2 atrophied; cell 1st M2 relatively small, irregularly pentagonal ; m-cu close to fork of M3+i or beyond this point on M 4.

Abdomen brown, the more proximal segments slightly brightened sublater- ally; basal sternites similarly pale; outer segments, including hypopygium, uniformly dark brown. Male hypopygium with the tergite produced caudad into conspicuous yellow sublateral ears, the caudal border between these lobes crenulate, glabrous. Ventro-caudal lobe of basistyle very small, subglobular, with about fifteen powerful setae. Gonapophyses appearing as flattened, dark- colored blades, broadly dilated at base, before the small head constricted into a neck. Apex of aedeagus with two divergent acute spines, these taken

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together forming a straight angle. Eighth sternite entirely unarmed, the margin simple.

Habitat. — Ecuador (Tungurahua) .

Holotype, J1, Pundoa, altitude 3,000 meters, July 12, 1939 (Macintyre). Allotopotype, 2, pinned with type. Paratopotype,

i <$■

Tipula notoria is most similar to species such as T. chicana Alexander, T. consonata Alexander, T. fraudulenta Alexander, and T. obirata Alexander, differing from all in the pattern of the wings and in the structure of the male hypopygium.

Genus Limonia Meigen

Limonia (Limonia) lachesis new species.

General coloration of praescutum reddish yellow, patterned with dark brown, most evident as a broad, nearly lateral area ; scutum, scutellum and postnotum uniformly blackened ; pleura yellow, with a very broad and conspicuous longi- tudinal black stripe ; knobs of halteres blackened ; femora obscure yellow with a conspicuous, dark brown, subterminal ring; wings whitish, very heavily pat- terned with dark brown, the amount of dark color exceeding the ground areas, cell M almost entirely darkened; vein Sc short, Scx ending a short distance beyond origin of Rs, Sc2 exactly opposite this origin; Rs very strongly arcu- ated at origin; m-cu before fork of M; abdominal tergites black, sternites yellow, darkened laterally; cerci small and slender, upcurved.

Female. — Length about 7 mm.; wing 7.8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black throughout; flagellar segments oval. Head gray; vertex reduced to a narrow strip that is about equal in width to one-half the diameter of scape.

Pronotum black. Mesonotal praescutum reddish yellow, patterned with dark brown, the discal areas reduced to a short and narrow median line on cephalic portion and the narrowly darkened interspaces, the broad, nearly lateral praescutal borders much wider and more conspicuous ; scutum, scutel- lum and postnotum uniformly blackened. Pleura yellow with a very broad and conspicuous black longitudinal stripe extending from the cervical region to the postnotum; ventral sternopleurite narrowly and less heavily darkened; posterior dorsopleural region yellow. Halteres with stem yellow, knob black- ened. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow; femora obscure yellow to brownish yellow, with a conspicuous, dark brown, subterminal ring, the apex abruptly yellow, a little less extensive than the darkened ring; tibiae pale brown; tarsi broken. Wings with the ground color whitish, very heavily pat- terned with dark brown, the amount of dark color exceeding the pale ground in area; prearcular field yellowish; cells C and Sc pale yellow, becoming even paler outwardly ; the dark areas include prearcular and postarcular markings ; major areas at and beyond origin of Rs ; stigma, cord, outer end of cell 1st M2

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and outer radial field; a large area at one-third the length of cell B; all of cell M excepting outer end and a slight invasion near base; dark washes in cubital and anal cells; veins brown, brightened in the flavous areas. Vena- tion: Sc short, ending only a short distance beyond origin of Bs, Sc2 ex- actly opposite this origin ; Bs strongly arcuated to almost square at origin ; B2 lying slightly distad of level of free tip of Sc2; m-cu before fork of M.

Abdominal tergites black; sternites pale yellow, darkened laterally; valves of ovipositor reddish horn color, bases of hypovalvse blackened. Ovipositor with cerci very small and slender, upcurved.

Habitat. — E cuador ( Tungurahua ) .

Holotype, J, Banos, altitude 2,000 meters, April 28, 1939 (Mac- intyre).

Limonia ( Limonia ) lachesis is entirely distinct from the species that superficially resemble it, as L. ( L .) indomita Alexander and L. ( L .) macintyrei Alexander. The nature of the wing pattern and venation, especially the relatively short Sc , readily distin- guishes this fly from these generally similar species.

Genus Orimarga Osten Sacken

Orimarga (Diotrepha) syndactyla new species.

General coloration pale yellow, the pleura with a very narrow darkened longitudinal line; legs white, the tips of femora and tibiae blackened; wings tinged with yellow, vaguely clouded with dusky along cord and at certain of the forks ; abdomen yellow, the extreme caudal borders of the segments black- ened; hypopygium dark; male hypopygium very large; dististyles completely fused for more than their basal two-thirds, the tips of both styles acute; inner dististyle with a linear row of conspicuous setae along lower margin; phallosome very large and complex in structure.

Male. — Length about 7 mm.; wing 4.5 mm.

Rostrum pale; palpi dark colored. Antennae pale, of moderate length. Head discolored in the unique type.

Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotum uniformly pale yellow, the pleura simi- lar, with a very narrow darkened longitudinal line extending from behind the fore coxae across the dorsal sternopleurite, extending almost to root of halteres. Halteres yellow, the knob dark brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow; femora white, the tips rather broadly and conspicuously black; tibiae white, the tips narrowly and abruptly blackened, the amount about one-third as extensive as the femoral blackening ; tibial bases not darkened ; tarsi snowy white. Wings tinged with yellow, the prearcular and costal portions some- what clearer yellow; small to scarcely evident dusky clouds at B2, fork of Bs and along cord; veins yellow, a trifle darker in the clouded areas. Costal fringe relatively long and conspicuous. Venation: Bs long, strongly arcuated

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at origin; Scx ending about opposite four-fifths to five-sixths the length of 1 Is, Sc2 at its extreme tip; free tip of Sc2 faintly indicated, far before B2, the distal section of Bx alone being only a trifle less than B 2+3; B1+2 atrophied, its position barely indicated at point of union of Bx and B2; m-cu at near one- third the length of M ; cell 2nd A wide.

Abdomen elongate, yellow, the extreme caudal borders of the segments blackened to produce narrow rings; hypopygium yellowish brown to brown. Male hypopygium of unusual size, the styli especially long. Basistyle before apex on mesal face with two closely approximated powerful setae, the other vestiture of style weak and scattered. Both dististyles entirely fused for more than their basal two-thirds, thence split into two parts, the outer style a long black spine, the inner style similarly produced at apex into a sharp point, the lower margin with a row of conspicuous setae that become progres- sively longer toward outer end of row. Phallosome very large and complex in structure.

Habitat. — Ecuador (Pichincha).

Holotype, J1, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, altitude 500 meters, September 12, 1940 (Laddey).

Orimarga ( Diotrepha ) syndactyla is entirely distinct from all other described members of the mirabilis group. The unusual size and structure of the male hypopygium readily separates the fly from the other species so far made known.

Genus Hexatoma Latreille

Hexatoma (Eriocera) manabiana new species.

Belongs to the ‘ 1 Penthoptera ’ ’ group; thorax uniformly dark orange, the praescutum unpatterned; head dark gray; halteres elongate, black through- out; legs brownish black, the tarsi extensively white, the proximal ends of all basitarsi darkened ; most extensive on fore pair ; wings relatively broad, with an almost uniform yellow tinge, the tip undarkened ; no stigmal area ; Bs elon- gate, exceeding the total length of vein B5; m-cu about one-half its length beyond the fork of M.

Female. — Length about 10 mm.; wing 10 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae 7-segmented, relatively short, if bent backward ending shortly before the wing-root; scape and pedicel obscure brownish yellow, flagellum black. Head dark gray; anterior vertex of mod- erate width.

Prothorax and mesothorax almost uniform dark orange, the praescutum un- patterned ; praescutal setae very sparse ; pleura and pleurontergite a trifle more yellow than the notum. Halteres elongate, black throughout. Legs with the coxae orange-yellow; trochanters obscure yellow; femora and tibiae brownish black; basitarsi brownish black on proximal portion on all legs, the tips whitened, least extensive on the fore legs where only the distal seventh or

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eighth is included, widest on the posterior legs where at least the outer half is whitened; remaining tarsal segments white, the last segment weakly infus- cated; posterior basitarsi much shorter than the fore pair. Wings relatively broad, with a strong and almost uniform yellowish tinge, the tip not dark- ened; stigma entirely lacking; veins brown. Abundant macrotrichia on all veins beyond cord. Venation: Bs elongate, exceeding the total length of vein B3 y Bz+ 3+4 relatively short, a little exceeding B1+2; B2+3 a trifle longer than B2 alone; cell 1st M2 long-rectangular, a little shorter than vein M1+2 beyond it; m-cu about one-half its length beyond fork of M ; cell 2nd A relatively wide.

Abdominal tergites dark brown; sternites yellow; cerci darkened, the tips rather narrowly horn yellow.

Habitat. — Ecuador (Pichincha).

Holotype, J, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, altitude 500 meters, January 26, 1941 (Laddey).

The so-called “Penthoptera” or chirothecata group of the sub- genus now includes several species in Tropical America, ranging as far to the south as southeastern Brazil. The present fly is closest to Hexatoma ( Eriocera ) candidipes Alexander and H. (E.) intermedia Alexander, differing from both in the coloration of the legs and wings. The various Neotropical species of the group are best separated by the nature of the praescutal pattern, when present ; the degree of white color on the basitarsi ; the wing pattern, and the details of venation.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) laddeyi new species.

Thorax almost uniformly orange, scarcely patterned; head dull black; legs and halteres black; wings brownish yellow, sparsely patterned with darker brown, including cell Sc, stigma, wing tip, and seams along veins beyond the cord; abundant macrotrichia on veins beyond cord; B1+2 about two-fifths the length of the long, gently arcuated B2+3+i ; m-cu more than one-half its length beyond fork of M ; abdomen dark brown, the tergites more reddish laterally ; cerci long and slender, blackened basally.

Female. — Length about 12 mm.; wing 11.5 mm.; antehtia about 2 mm.

Eostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae 8-segmented; scape and pedicel dark brown, deeper in color above ; flagellum black ; flagellar segments gradually decreasing in length and diameter outwardly. Head dull black, the surface very sparsely pruinose; anterior vertex broad; vertical tubercle low.

Pronotum brown. Mesothorax almost uniform deep orange, the notum with a darkened V-shaped mark at the center of the suture ; praescutal stripes not or scarcely differentiated; pleura somewhat more yellowish; vestiture of praescutal interspaces very short and sparse. Halteres black. Legs with the coxae and trochanters obscure yellow; femora black, the bases very narrowly

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and insensibly brightened; tibiae and tarsi black. Wings with a brownish yellow tinge, sparsely patterned with darker ; cell Sc uniformly darker brown ; stigmal area dark but very restricted and confluent with the subcostal infus- cation; cord and the veins beyond it slightly seamed with brown; wing-tip weakly darkened; veins dark brown. Abundant macrotrichia on all veins beyond cord. Venation: Scx ending shortly beyond fork of Rs, Sc2 just before this fork; B2 oblique subequal to R2+3; B1+2 about two-fifths the length of the long, gently arcuated B2+3+i; cell 1st M2 rectangular, a little shorter than vein C1+2 beyond it; m-cu about two-thirds to three-fourths its own length beyond fork of M, longer than distal section of Cu cell 2nd A relatively wide.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, more reddened laterally; sternites obscure yellow, the posterior borders narrowly darkened; genital shield dark chestnut brown; cerci long and slender, blackened on basal half, the gently upcurved tips pale horn yellow.

Habitat. — Ecuador (Pichincha).

Holotype, J, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, altitude 500 meters, February 7, 1941 (Laddey).

I am very pleased to name this distinct fly in honor of the collector, Mr. David B. Laddey, who has added materially to our knowledge of the Tipulidse of Ecuador. The nearest rela- tive is Hexatoma {Eriocera) semirufa Alexander, of Venezuela {dimidiata Alexander, 1923, nec dimidiata Henriksen, 1922) which differs conspicuously in the coloration of the body and wings and in the details of venation.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) piatrix new species.

General coloration of thorax black, with strong bluish and purplish re- flexions; head intense black; halteres and legs black; wings relatively broad, with a strong blackish tinge, the centers of many of the cells paler; rela- tively sparse macrotrichia on veins B± and distal section of R5; abdomen, in- cluding hypopygium, black.

Male. — Length about 11.5 mm. ; wing 10.5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae short, 6-segmented; scape and pedicel dark brown, the flagellum a trifle paler brown ; flagellar segments one to three gradually decreasing in length, the terminal segment more elongate, about one-fourth longer than the penultimate ; basal two flagellar segments stouter, terminal two with more abundant and conspicuous setae. Head intense black ; vertical tubercle nearly entire.

Thorax black, with strong bluish and purplish reflexions; praescutum with- out pattern; setae of interspaces short and relatively sparse. Halteres short, black throughout. Legs black. Wings relatively broad, with a strong black- ish tinge, the costal border a trifle more strongly darkened; centers of many

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of the cells, especially Bx, Mx, Mh, 1st A and 2nd A with markedly paler areas ; stigma lacking; veins pale brown, inconspicuous against the ground. Rela- tively sparse trichia on veins Bx and distal section of Bs, entirely lacking on other veins beyond cord, including B2 and B1+2; costal trichia before h more erect and conspicuous than those beyond. Venation: Sc2 close to tip of ScX} both beyond level of fork of Bs ; Bx+2 longer than B2+3 but only a little more than one-half B2+3+x; basal section of B5 a little more than one-half B2+ 3+4; m-cu shortly beyond fork of M ; distal section of Cux shorter than m-cu ; prearcular field short.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, black, the caudal borders of the segments narrowly more glabrous but not different in color.

Habitat. — Ecuador (Pichincha).

Holotype, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, altitude 500 meters, February 22, 1941 (Laddey).

Hexatoma ( Eriocera ) piatrix is most similar to H. (E.) lessepsi (Osten Sacken) which differs in the details of venation and in the coloration of the body, especially the orange-red head.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) magistra new species.

Mesonotal prsescutum dark brown, the four stripes yellow pollinose; head fiery orange; antennae with scape and pedicel light yellow, flagellum black; halteres short; stem yellow, knob brown; femora yellow, the tips narrowly but conspicuously black, the amount subequal on all legs; tarsi black; wings brown, crossbanded with yellow, the broad apex brown; veins beyond cord, with the exception of B5, without trichia ; abdominal tergites orange, segments six and seven broadly darkened but with the lateral borders pale.

Female. — Length about 13.5 mm.; wing 12 mm.; antenna about 3.2 mm.

Rostrum yellow ; palpi with first and last segments yellow, the intermediate segments brown. Antennae 8-segmented ; scape and pedicel light yellow, flagellum black; flagellar segments one to three gradually decreasing in length, four and five subequal, terminal segment a trifle shorter. Head fiery orange; anterior vertex low; vertical tubercle relatively inconspicuous, feebly notched at summit.

Pronotum brown, more yellowish pollinose on sides. Mesonotal prsescutum with the ground color dark brown, the four prsescutal stripes yellow pollinose, somewhat more obscured near the suture; posterior sclerites of notum light chestnut yellow to pale brown. Pleura obscure yellow, sparsely variegated with brown on ventral anepisternum and ventral sternopleurite. Halteres relatively short, stem yellow, knob brown. Legs with the coxse and trochan- ters yellow; femora yellow, the tips narrowly but conspicuously black, the amount subequal on all legs; tibiae obscure yellow basally, passing into black at tips; tarsi black. Wings with the ground color brown, crossbanded with yellow; the brown color includes the broad entire wing-tip, its inner level

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extending about to the cord; inner dark band at level of origin of 1 Is, paler brown; cell 2nd A similarly pale brown; the yellow color includes cells C and Sc , a broad band chiefly before cord, and the extreme bases of cells Cu and 1st A ; proximal portions of cells B and M still more weakly darkened ; veins pale brown in the patterned areas, yellow in the brightened portions. Veins beyond cord, with the exception of B5, without trichia. Venation: Bs very long, exceeding the total length of vein B5; -B2+3+4 short, a little exceeding jSi+2; cell 1st M2 short, less than any of the veins beyond it; m-cu a short distance be- yond the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites orange; central portions of tergites six and seven more darkened to form an incomplete ring, the lateral portions remaining yellow; sternites yellow, more or less discolored, the posterior borders pale; genital segment and ovipositor orange; cerci long and slender.

Habitat. — Ecuador (Oriente).

Holotype, £, Rio Huagra Yacu, altitude 900 meters, April 5, 1941 (Macintyre).

The most similar species are Hexatoma ( Eriocera ) ferax Alex- ander and H. ( E .) jurata Alexander which have the wing pattern generally similar but differ in all details of body, leg and wing coloration, and in the venation.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) plumbeicolor new species.

General coloration black, the head and thorax sparsely pruinose to produce a leaden appearance; abdomen uniformly black; antennae (male) 7-segmented, black throughout; halteres weakly darkened; legs black, the tibial bases a little paler; wings with a brown suffusion, costal and stigmal regions a trifle darker; veins beyond cord, with exception of B5, without trichia; -K2+3+4 rela- tively long, about three times the basal section of B5 ; m-cu beyond fork of M.

Male. — Length about 12-13 mm.; wing 10-11 mm.; antenna about 2.5 mm.

Eostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae (male) 7-segmented, black throughout; flagellar segments decreasing in length outwardly, the penulti- mate a little exceeding the preceding segment; terminal segment a little less than one-fourth the length of the penultimate segment. Head black, sparsely pruinose.

Pronotum black, sparsely pruinose. Mesonotum dull black, without mark- ings, the surface very sparsely pruinose. Pleura black, very sparsely prui- nose; dorsopleural membrane dark. Halteres very weakly darkened through- out. Legs with the coxae black, very sparsely pruinose; remainder of legs black, the bases of tibiae a trifle paler; claws (male) with conspicuous basal spine. Wings with a brown suffusion, the cephalic portion of prearcular field pale yellow; costal and stigmal regions a trifle darker than remainder of ground; basal cells with pale linear streaks; veins pale brown. Outer veins without trichia excepting an almost complete series on B5. Venation: E2+3+4

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relatively long, about three times the basal section of B5; veins B3 and B4 becoming paler and weaker toward wing margin ; cell 1st M2 shorter than vein Jf4 beyond it ; m-cu from one-third to one-fourth its length beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen black throughout, without pruinosity ; hypopygium with basistyle more reddish brown.

Habitat. — Ecuador (Los Rios).

Holotype, J', Playas de Montalvo, altitude 15 meters, March 17, 1938 (Macintyre). Paratopotype,

Hexatoma ( Eriocera ) plumbeicolor is quite distinct from some- what similar uniformly darkened species of the subgenus. Among such forms it is most similar to H. (E.) cornigera (Alex- ander) and H. ( E .) pallidipes (Alexander), yet quite distinct.

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ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF INSECT TRACHEA

By A. Glenn Richards, Jr.2 and Thomas F. Anderson3

This paper presents electron micrographs of the tracheae of mosquito larvae, pupae and adults ( Culex pipiens L.) tracheae, air- sacs and tracheoles of the adult worker honey bee (Apis mellifica L.) and tracheae of the adult American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) . Many of the minute details are considerably beyond the resolving powers of the light microscope and so are shown for the first time.

A discussion of the application of electron optics to insect cuticle studies is given in another paper (Richards & Anderson, 1942.) Descriptions and discussions of electron microscopes are given by Zworykin (1941) ; Zworykin, Hillier & Vance (1941) ; Hillier & Vance (1941) ; Smith (1941) ; Burton & Kohl (1942) ; Anderson (1942), etc.

TECHNIQUE

The technique is relatively simple. Tracheae and air-sacs were dissected out and passed through several changes of distilled water for 1-24 hours to remove all the surrounding cells. The remaining clean intima is placed on thin collodion membranes across a fine-mesh wire screen (Richards & Anderson, 1942). Since best resolution is obtained from single layers, most of the tracheae were deliberately torn open.

Very small tracheae and tracheoles cannot be readily handled as such. Whole organs (nerve cord, portions of alimentary tract, etc.) were removed, the cells dissolved away by immersion in several changes of distilled water (5J to 24 hours), and the re-

1 Thanks are due to the Radio Corporation of America and to Dr. V. K. Zworykin for use of the electron microscopes in the RCA Research Labora- tories, and to the National Research Council’s Committee on Biological Ap- plications of the Electron Microscope, through which arrangements for this work were made.

2 Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

3 RCA Fellow of the National Research Council, RCA Laboratories, Cam- den, N. J.

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maining tissue teased apart and mounted on a collodion film across a wire screen.

Numerous specimens were also mounted in Apathy’s gum syrup4 for check study with the light microscope. Similar perma- nent mounts were eventually made of specimens studied in the electron microscope. Serial sections were also used in these com- parative studies.

LITERATURE ON TRACHEAL STRUCTURE

Most of the papers on insect tracheae deal either with their dis- tribution or functioning; literature on tracheal structure is not extensive. It is generally stated that there are tracheae, tracheoles and air-sacs. The tracheae are cylinders (sometimes collapsible) supported by many helical thickenings called taenidia ; the trache- oles are minute (less than 1 p diameter) terminal branches of the tracheae usually distinguished by the reported absence of taenidia ; the air-sacs are distensible sacs, without taenidia, on the tracheae of some insects. In the large tracheae of some species of insects the walls are thick, and staining reactions show they possess the same layers as the cuticle of the exoskeleton (Weber, 1933) ; in other species the tracheal walls are extremely thin and no such differentiation is demonstrable.

Variations have been studied principally by Marcu (1929- 1931) who found large spines on the taenidia of certain beetle tracheae, linear thickenings in the tracheae of other beetles and an irregular meshwork in the membrane between taenidia of various bees and wasps. See also Dujardin (1849), Stokes (1893), Packard (1898), Weber (1933) and Wigglesworth (1939).

TRACHEAE OF THE MOSQUITO (CULEX PIPIENs)

Larva : The intima of the two main longitudinal tracheal trunks is a thin, brown membrane with typical helical thickenings (tae- nidia). The thickness of the membrane was not determined accurately but cannot be more than 0.02 (j in dried tracheae. The taenidia are readily visible with the light microscope since they are 0.3 to 0.7 |j wide (in areas shown in the micrographs the range

4 50 grams gum arabic, 50 grams sucrose, 50 cc. distilled water and 1 cc. formol. Dissolve the gum arabic in warm water, add sucrose and dissolve, cool, filter and add formol.

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is 0. 3-0.6 p) ; they are opaque to 50 kV and 100 kV electrons (Fig. 3) but are readily penetrated by 200 kV electrons (Fig. 1) ; obviously a single taenidium may end either by anastamosis with another (Fig. 1) or tapering off into the membrane (Fig. 4). The taenidia and in some regions the membrane also bear minute spines (microtrichiae) which are not limited to the region ad- jacent to the spiracles but occur throughout the length of the longitudinal trunks (not on the lateral branches, Figs. 1, 3, 4). These spines are of quite diverse sizes and shapes (Fig. 3) ; the average length is about 0.1 p with a normal range of 0.08-0.15 p, but much smaller ones also occur with the extremes being mere lumps not over 0.02 p.5 Most of the spines do not project into the lumen of the trachea but arise from the sides of the taenidia and project parallel to the membrane ; about 25 per cent of them pro- ject more or less into the lumen but very few (less than 10 per cent) project directly into the lumen (Fig. 1).

Figure 3 has resolution of points to 0.004 p or slightly smaller. The membrane is uniform. Accordingly this membrane in the dried state cannot have any pores larger than 0.004 p diameter.

The large lateral tracheae arising from the main trunk have a similar appearance under the light microscope but electron micro- graphs show that they lack the minute spines on the taenidia and membrane (Figs. 5-7). The thickness of the membrane as deter- mined by the thickness of the dark rim along tracheae that have not collapsed is 0.01 p to less than 0.02 p (Fig. 5 is especially favorable for this measurement because it is taken at a higher voltage than the other similar figures). Similar but less accurate figures may be obtained by comparing the density of the tracheal membrane with that of the collodion membrane; this is readily done at points where the tracheal membrane overlies a hole in the collodion film (arrow in Fig. 7). 6 How much shrinkage is in- volved in drying is not known. The taenidia shrink less than 25 per cent (likely much less) ; even if we allowed such a high value

5 These clearly not due to foreshortening as can be shown by comparison with figure 1.

6 Allowance should be made for differences in density. The specific gravity of the tracheal intima is not known but the specific gravity of pure chitin is 1.40 (Sollas, 1907) whereas the specific gravity of collodion (nitrocellulose) is approximately 1.66 (Hodgman, 1935).

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for shrinkage of the intertaenidial membrane on drying this mem- brane would still average less than 0.02 p thick.

In most of the electron micrographs the ttenidia appear as though outside the intervening membrane (Fig. 5). This must be due to irregular shrinkage since some of the micrographs show the taenidia in their normal position on the lumen side of the trachea (Fig. 6).

Most striking in appearance are the bands of large spines that encircle the main tracheal trunk and interrupt the taenidia (Fig. 4). These seem not to have been reported heretofore although they are readily visible with the light microscope. They occur as bilaterally symmetrical segmental bands immediately posterior (4 — 15 taenidia) to the origin of the main lateral segmental tra- cheae. There are therefore eight pairs of these in the abdomen, all far removed both from the larval spiracles and from the sites of the future adult spiracles. These bands consist of spines which project directly into the lumen of the trachea. In the electron micrograph the spines appear shorter than they actually are (due to foreshortening) ; measurements in sections using the light microscope show these spines are 2-3 pi, mostly around 3 p long. Between the spines is a meshwork of thickenings of the intima. This meshwork connects with the adjacent taenidia and runs into the spines in such manner that it seems the spines are formed from the outward projection of a focal cone of the meshwork.

Study of serial sections with the light microscope shows no obvious anatomical association of these spinose bands except with the trachea itself ; also no differences between the cells which underlie this and other parts of the trachea. Examination of shed skins shows that in part at least these bands serve as fracture points for the main tracheal trunks during moulting,7 but the tracheal trunks may also break at other points. Their elaborate structure suggests that they might also serve some other purpose. These tracheal trunks pulsate rhythmically (Babak, 1912) . When the pulsating trachea is almost completely collapsed in the regions of these bands, the spines interlock and partially occlude the trachea. Conceivably these intermeshed spines could serve as a sieve to strain dust particles from the air but this would not

7 Suggested by Dr. John B. Schmitt.

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seem of great importance since they are far removed from the spiracles and since in the many specimens examined no accumu- lation of debris was ever seen in the trachea. Another suggestion is that these bands when interlocked serve as check valves to assist in the movement of air along the pulsating trachea.

Shed skins of mosquito larvae gave similar micrographs but also revealed one additional point. In general, the tracheal intima is shed and pulled out during each moult but it would seem that this does not always occur. Figures 16-17 are stereoptic pictures of large lateral tracheal branches from the shed skin of a third instar larva. Examination of these pictures in a stereoscope shows that the smaller helix is within the larger helix. Obvi- ously, then, these are double tubes (such double tubes were ob- served commonly on the fluorescent screen). Conceivably the tracheal intima might split but the inner tube is definitely smaller ; it seems more likely that the inner tube represents the tracheal intima of the second instar larva, that this intima was not pulled out at the second moult, that the third instar larva had a double intima, and that both of these were withdrawn together at the third moult. If this interpretation is correct, it is interesting to note the close agreement of the taenidia in successive instars.

Pupa: The main longitudinal tracheal trunks of the abdomen lack the dark pigment that is present in larval tracheae. They show spinose bands and minute spines on the taenidia similar to those of the larvae. Some of the tracheae are indistinguishable from larval tracheae, but some of them are strikingly different in that the intertaenidial membrane instead of being uniform has a definite reticulation of thickenings (Fig. 8).

Adult: Only